Grigg WS, Nagalli S. Ashman Phenomenon. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. 

Singla V, Singh B, Singh Y, Manjunath CN. Ashman phenomenon: a physiological aberration. BMJ Case Rep. 2013.

Edhouse J, Morris F. ABC of clinical electrocardiography: Broad complex tachycardia-Part II. BMJ. 2002.

Pollack M.L., Chan T.C., Brady W.J. Electrocardiographic manifestations: Aberrant ventricular conduction. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2000.

Nave at al. The electrophysiological bases of aberrant intraventricular conduction during atrial fibrillation. Cardiologia. 1996.  

Stephen Stark, Ardeshir Farshidi. Mechanism of alternating bundle branch aberrancy with atrial bigeminy: Electrocardiographic-electrophysiologic correlates. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, Volume 5, 1985. 

Denker at al. An electrocardiographic--electrophysiologic correlation of aberrant ventricular conduction in man. J Electrocardiol. 1983. 

Kulbertus HE, de Laval-Rutten F, Casters P. Vectorcardiographic study of aberrant conduction anterior displacement of QRS: another form of intraventricular block. Br Heart J. 1976. 

Chung EK. Aberrant atrial conduction. Unrecognized electrocardiographic entity. Br Heart J. 1972. 

Thomas J. Walsh. Ventricular aberration of A-V nodal escape beats. The American Journal of Cardiology. 1962. 

Alfred Pick. Aberrant Ventricular Conduction of Escaped Beats. Circulation. 1956. 

James L.Gouaux, Richard Ashman. Auricular fibrillation with aberration simulating ventricular paroxysmal tachycardia. American Heart Journal, 1947.

Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm. Goldberger's Clinical Electrocardiography (Ninth Edition), 2018. 

Tsai MS, Huang CH et al. Postresuscitation accelerated idioventricular rhythm: a potential prognostic factor for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors. Intensive Care Med. 2007.

Gildea TH, Levis JT. ECG Diagnosis: Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm. Perm J. 2018. 

Riera AR, Barros RB, de Sousa FD, Baranchuk A. Accelerated idioventricular rhythm: history and chronology of the main discoveries. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2010. 

Hsu P.-C., Lin T.-H., Su H.-M., Voon W.-C., Lai W.-T., Sheu S.-H. Frequent accelerated idioventricular rhythm in a young male of Buerger's disease with acute myocardial infarction. International Journal of Cardiology. 2008.

Grimm W., Hoffmann J., Menz V., Schmidt C., Muller H.-H., Maisch B. Significance of accelerated idioventricular rhythm in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. American Journal of Cardiology. 2000.

Grimm W, Hoffmann J, Maisch B. Accelerated idioventricular rhythm. Z Kardiol. 1994. 

Sheldon Goldberg et al. Reperfusion arrhythmia: A marker of restoration of antegrade flow during intracoronary thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. American Heart Journal. 1983.

Complete revascularisation versus treatment of the culprit lesion only in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel disease (DANAMI-3—PRIMULTI): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. 2015. 

Randomized Trial of Complete Versus Lesion-Only Revascularization in Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for STEMI and Multivessel Disease. 2015. 

Randomized Trial of Primary PCI with or without Routine Manual Thrombectomy. 2015. 

Rivaroxaban in Patients with a Recent Acute Coronary Syndrome. 2012.

Comparison of Early Invasive and Conservative Strategies in Patients with Unstable Coronary Syndromes Treated with the Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitor Tirofiban. 2001. 

Effects of Atorvastatin on Early Recurrent Ischemic Events in Acute Coronary Syndromes. The MIRACL Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial. 2001. 

Early Revascularization in Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock. 1999.

Invasive compared with non-invasive treatment in unstable coronary-artery disease: FRISC II prospective randomised multicentre study. 1999. 

RANDOMISED TRIAL OF INTRAVENOUS STREPTOKINASE, ORAL ASPIRIN, BOTH, OR NEITHER AMONG 17 187 CASES OF SUSPECTED ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: ISIS-2. 1988. 

Protective Effects of Aspirin against Acute Myocardial Infarction and Death in Men with Unstable Angina — Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. 1983. 

Brian A Bergmark et al. Acute coronary syndromes. The Lancet, 2022. 

Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Uptodate. 2021. 

Basit H, Malik A, Huecker MR. Non ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. 

Acute coronary syndrome: Terminology and classification. Uptodate. 2021. 

Singh A, Museedi AS, Grossman SA. Acute Coronary Syndrome. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. 

Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018). Circulation. 2018. 

Ram P, Shah M, Sirinvaravong N, et al. Left ventricular thrombosis in acute anterior myocardial infarction: Evaluation of hospital mortality, thromboembolism, and bleeding. Clin Cardiol. 2018. 

American Board of Internal Medicine (Cardiovascular Disease Certification Exam). Exam Content. PDF.

Calais F, et al. Thrombus aspiration in patients with large anterior myocardial infarction: A Thrombus Aspiration in ST-Elevation myocardial infarction in Scandinavia trial substudy. Am Heart J. 2016.

American Board of Internal Medicine (Cardiovascular Disease Certification Exam). CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION ELECTROCARDIOGRAMS AND IMAGING STUDIES SAMPLE CASES. Updated August 25, 2016. 

Fatih Sene et al. Classical electrocardiographic clues for left main coronary artery disease. Indian Heart Journal. 2016. 

Kelvin Chua, Gagan Singh, Jonathan Yap et al. ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF LEFT MAIN CORONARY ARTERY ST-ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: RESULTS FROM A MULTICENTER REGISTRY. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014. 

Irina Rinta‐Kiikka, et al. Correlation of Electrocardiogram and Regional Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Literature Review. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology. 2014. 

Kossaify A. ST Segment Elevation in aVR: Clinical Significance in Acute Coronary Syndrome. Clin Med Insights Case Rep. 2013.

Eugene Braunwald, David A. Morrow. Unstable Angina. Circulation. 2013. 

Hennings JR, Fesmire FM. A new electrocardiographic criteria for emergent reperfusion therapy. Am J Emerg Med. 2012.

Antoni Bayés de Luna. Clinical Electrocardiography: A Textbook 4th Edition.

Masami Kosuge et al. An Early and Simple Predictor of Severe Left Main and/or Three-Vessel Disease in Patients With Non–ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome. American Journal of Cardiology, 2010.

Colin Berry, et al. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Delineates the Ischemic Area at Risk and Myocardial Salvage in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2010. 

Kühl JT, Berg RM. Utility of lead aVR for identifying the culprit lesion in acute myocardial infarction. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2009.

Kuhl JT, Berg RM. Utility of lead aVR for identifying the culprit lesion in acute myocardial infarction. 2009. In: Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE): Quality-assessed Reviews [Internet]. York (UK): Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. 2009.

Kjell C.Nikus Markku J.Eskola. Electrocardiogram patterns in acute left main coronary artery occlusion. Journal of Electrocardiology. 2008. 

Antoni Bayés de Luna. New Heart Wall Terminology and New Electrocardiographic Classification of Q-Wave Myocardial Infarction Based on Correlations With Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Revista Española de Cardiología. 2007. 

Neill J et al. ST segment elevation in lead aVR during exercise testing is associated with LAD stenosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007.

Antoni Bayés de Luna, et al. A New Terminology for Left Ventricular Walls and Location of Myocardial Infarcts That Present Q Wave Based on the Standard of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Circulation. 2006. 

Shinde RS, Hiremath MS, Makhale CN, Durairaj M. Images in cardiology. ECG showing features of total left main coronary artery occlusion. Heart. 2006. 

Kosuge M et al. Predictors of left main or three-vessel disease in patients who have acute coronary syndromes with non-ST-segment elevation. Am J Cardiol. 2005. 

Zafrir B, et al. Correlation between ST elevation and Q waves on the predischarge electrocardiogram and the extent and location of MIBI perfusion defects in anterior myocardial infarction. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2004. 

Pinney SP, Wasserman HS. Anterior myocardial infarction, acute aortic dissection, and anomalous coronary artery. J Interv Cardiol. 2002. 

Guía ESC 2020 sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento del síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2021. 

Old or Age Indeterminate Extensive Anterior Myocardial Infarction by ECG Finding. MedGen. 

Jiang H, Chang Q, Zhang Y, Liu R. Recurrent extensive anterior myocardial infarction with left and right bundle branch block. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2018.  

Makoto Hirai, et al. Body surface isopotential maps in old anterior myocardial infarction undetectable by 12-lead electrocardiograms. American Heart Journal. 1984. 

Hart GJ, Barrett PA, Barnaby PF, Clark EH, Lyons NR, Burke JJ. Diagnosis of old anterior myocardial infarction in emphysema with poor R wave progression in anterior chest leads. Br Heart J. 1981. 

Uthurralt N, Parodi O, Severi S, Davies G, Maseri A. Thallium-201 scintigraphy for diagnosis of old myocardial infarction: comparison with electrocardiographic, ventriculographic, and coronary arteriographic findings. Br Heart J. 1980. 

Singh A, Museedi AS, Grossman SA. Acute Coronary Syndrome. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021.

Acute coronary syndrome: Terminology and classification. Uptodate. 2021. 

Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Uptodate. 2021. 

Basit H, Malik A, Huecker MR. Non ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. 

Okada M, Watanuki H, Sugiyama K, Futamura Y, Matsuyama K. Unusual rupture of left ventricular pseudo-false aneurysm secondary to subacute anterolateral myocardial infarction: a case report. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2019. 

Erdogan O, et al. Horizontal ECG in acute anterolateral myocardial infarction. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2016. 

Eugene Braunwald, David A. Morrow. Unstable Angina. Circulation. 2013. 

Arazińska A, et al.  A 59 year-old patient with acute anterolateral myocardial infarction, complicated by cardiogenic shock, with chest wall deformity caused by Heine-Medin disease. Kardiol Pol. 2012. 

Jayawardena S, Renteria AS, Burzyantseva O, Lokesh G, Thelusmond L. Anterolateral papillary muscle rupture caused by myocardial infarction: A case report. Cases J. 2008. 

Iltumur K, et al. Coexisting subarachnoid hemorrhage and subdural hematoma mimicking acute anterolateral myocardial infarction. J Electrocardiol. 2007. 

Quigley RL, et al. Prognosis and management of anterolateral myocardial infarction in patients with severe left main disease and cardiogenic shock. The left main shock syndrome. Circulation. 1993. 

Old or Age Indeterminate Anterolateral Myocardial Infarction by ECG Finding. MedGen UID: 769522. 

Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Uptodate. 2021. 

Singh A, Museedi AS, Grossman SA. Acute Coronary Syndrome. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021.

Acute coronary syndrome: Terminology and classification. Uptodate. 2021. 

Basit H, Malik A, Huecker MR. Non ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. 

Bhattarai S, Chhabra L, Willoughby C. Anteroseptal Myocardial Infarction. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls; 2019.

Ahmed A. Harhash et al. aVR ST Segment Elevation: Acute STEMI or Not? Incidence of an Acute Coronary Occlusion. The American Journal of Medicine, 2019. 

D. Sabadi, et al. Acute anteroseptal ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) in the West Nile virus infection. International Journal Infectious Diseases. 2019. 

Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018). Circulation. 2018. 

Wellens H.J. Rate-related bundle branch block following anteroseptal myocardial infarction. Heart Rhythm. 2017. 

American Board of Internal Medicine (Cardiovascular Disease Certification Exam). Exam Content. PDF.

American Board of Internal Medicine (Cardiovascular Disease Certification Exam). Content. 

American Board of Internal Medicine (Cardiovascular Disease Certification Exam). CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION ELECTROCARDIOGRAMS AND IMAGING STUDIES SAMPLE CASES. Updated August 25, 2016. 

Al-Alawi AM, Janardan J, Peck KY, Soward A. Acute Anteroseptal Myocardial Infarction after a Negative Exercise Stress Test. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2016. 

Al Alawi A. ACUTE ANTEROSEPTAL MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AFTER NORMAL EXERCISE STRESS TEST. Internal Medicine Journal. 2015. 

Jeffrey J. Heslop, Karthiek Narala, Sandeep Banga, Sudhir Mungee. ANTEROSEPTAL ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND NON-DOMINANT RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY LESION INVOLVING ACUTE MARGINAL BRANCH: A DILEMMA IN DECISION MAKING. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2015. 

Rovai D., Bayes De Luna A, et al. Q wave myocardial infarction of anteroseptal zone: A new classification. International Journal of Cardiology. 2015. 

Eugene Braunwald, David A. Morrow. Unstable Angina. Circulation. 2013. 

Kossaify A. ST Segment Elevation in aVR: Clinical Significance in Acute Coronary Syndrome. Clin Med Insights Case Rep. 2013.

Hennings JR, Fesmire FM. A new electrocardiographic criteria for emergent reperfusion therapy. Am J Emerg Med. 2012.

Antoni Bayés de Luna. Clinical Electrocardiography: A Textbook 4th Edition.

Masami Kosuge et al. An Early and Simple Predictor of Severe Left Main and/or Three-Vessel Disease in Patients With Non–ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome. American Journal of Cardiology, 2010.

Kuhl JT, Berg RM. Utility of lead aVR for identifying the culprit lesion in acute myocardial infarction. 2009. In: Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE): Quality-assessed Reviews [Internet]. York (UK): Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. 2009.

Gregory T. Wilson, Frederick A. Schaller. Pulmonary Embolism Mimicking Anteroseptal Acute Myocardial Infarction. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 2008. 

Neill J et al. ST segment elevation in lead aVR during exercise testing is associated with LAD stenosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007.

Rostoff P, Piwowarska W. ST segment elevation in lead aVR and coronary artery lesions in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Kardiol Pol. 2006.  

Sandeep Bhattarai; Lovely Chhabra; Christopher Willoughby. Anteroseptal Myocardial Infarction. StatPearls [Internet]. 2019. 

Allencherril J, et al. Appropriateness of anteroseptal myocardial infarction nomenclature evaluated by late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. J Electrocardiol. 2018. 

Ajay Jitendra Mehta, David Winchester. INITIAL EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF AN OLD MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN AN ASYMPTOMATIC YOUNG MALE. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2014. 

 Gordon B.Myers, et al. I. Correlation of electrocardiographic and pathologic findings in anteroseptal infarction. American Heart Journal, 1948. 

Nesheiwat Z, Goyal A, Jagtap M. Atrial Fibrillation (A Fib). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls, 2019. 

Augusto J. Fernandes A. Freitas P. et al “Predictors of de novo atrial fibrillation in a non-cardiac intensive care unit”. Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva, 2018.

Shah, Syed Raza et al. “Management of atrial fibrillation-flutter: uptodate guideline paper on the current evidence”. Journal of community hospital internal medicine perspectives, 2018.

Ghafoori E, Angel N, Dosdall DJ, MacLeod RS, Ranjan R. "Atrial fibrillation observed on surface ECG can be atrial flutter or atrial tachycardia." Journal of Electrocardiology, 2018.

Dan, Gheorghe-Andrei and Dobromir Dobrev. “Antiarrhythmic drugs for atrial fibrillation: Imminent impulses are emerging” _International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature, 2018.

Morten W. Skov , Jonas Ghouse , Jørgen T. Kühl et al. "Risk Prediction of Atrial Fibrillation Based on Electrocardiographic Interatrial Block" Journal of the American Heart Association. (2018).

Pourafkari, L., et all. Fine versus coarse atrial fibrillation in rheumatic mitral stenosis: The impact of aging and the clinical significance. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology: the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, 2018. 

Zhao, TX, Martin, CA, Cooper, JP, Gajendragadkar, PR. Coarse fibrillatory waves in atrial fibrillation predict success of electrical cardioversion. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2018. 

Hansen, Brian J et al. “Fibrosis and Atrial Fibrillation: Computerized and Optical Mapping; A View into the Human Atria at Submillimeter Resolution” JACC. Clinical electrophysiology, 2017.

Morillo, Carlos A et al. “Atrial fibrillation: the current epidemic”. Journal of geriatric cardiology, 2017.

Aldo G. Carrizo, Juan G. Acosta, Carlos A. Morillo. "Ablación o drogas en la fibrilación auricular paroxística " Revista Uruguaya de Cardiología, 2016.

German, David M et al. “Atrial Fibrillation Predictors: Importance of the Electrocardiogram” _Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, 2015.

Barbarossa, Alessandro et al. “Silent Atrial Fibrillation: A Critical Review”, Journal of atrial fibrillation, 2014.

Lankveld TAR, Zeemering S, Crijns HJGM, et al The ECG as a tool to determine atrial fibrillation complexity Heart. 2014.

National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK). Atrial Fibrillation: The Management of Atrial Fibrillation. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 2014.

Wyndham, C R. “Atrial fibrillation: the most common arrhythmia” Texas Heart Institute journal. 2000.

James O'Keefe et al. The Complete Guide to ECGs: A Comprehensive Study Guide to Improve ECG Interpretation Skills. 5th Edition. 

Cryoablation or Drug Therapy for Initial Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation. 2021.

Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. 2020.

Use and Associated Risks of Concomitant Aspirin Therapy With Oral Anticoagulation in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. 2013. 

Apixaban versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. 2011.

Rivaroxaban versus Warfarin in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation. 2011.

Rodriguez Ziccardi M, Goyal A, Maani CV. Atrial Flutter. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls; 2021. 

Shah SR, Luu SW, Calestino M, David J, Christopher B. Management of atrial fibrillation-flutter: uptodate guideline paper on the current evidence. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2018. 

Francisco G Cosio. Atrial Flutter, Typical and Atypical: A Review. Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Review, 2017.

Rahman F, Wang N, Yin X, et al. Atrial flutter: Clinical risk factors and adverse outcomes in the Framingham Heart Study. Heart Rhythm. 2016. 

Calvo N, et al. Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter in athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2012. 

Peyrol M, et al. Characteristics of isolated atrial flutter versus atrial flutter combined with atrial fibrillation. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2011. 

Kall J, et al. Atypical Atrial Flutter Originating in the Right Atrial Free Wall. Circulation. 2000. 

Granada J, et al. Incidence and predictors of atrial flutter in the general population. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000. 

Daoud EG, Morady F. Pathophysiology of atrial flutter. Annu Rev Med. 1998. 

James O'Keefe et al. The Complete Guide to ECGs: A Comprehensive Study Guide to Improve ECG Interpretation Skills. 5th Edition. 

Puette JA, Ellison MB. Pacemaker. [Updated 2020 Jan 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020. 

Søren Hjortshøj, Sam Riahi, et al. Does atrial pacing lead to atrial fibrillation in patients with sick sinus syndrome? Insights from the DANPACE trial, EP Europace, 2014. 

van Gelder IC, Wiesfeld AC. Atrial pacing for rhythm control of atrial fibrillation. Neth Heart J. 2008. 

El Gamal M. Atrial pacing, the forgotten pacing mode. Neth Heart J. 2008. 

ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities.

Jeffrey S. Healey , William D. Toff et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes With Atrial-Based Pacing Compared With Ventricular Pacing. Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials, Using Individual Patient Data. Circulation. 2006. 

Andreas Schuchert, Mohammed Ali Aydin, et al. Atrial pacing and sensing characteristics in heart failure patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy, EP Europace, 2005. 

Stephane Garrigue et al. Benefit of Atrial Pacing in Sleep Apnea Syndrome. N Engl J Med 2002.

Bernstein AD et al. The revised NASPE/BPEG generic code for antibradycardia, adaptive-rate, and multisite pacing. North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology/British Pacing and Electrophysiology Group. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2002. 

ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices: Summary Article A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/NASPE Committee to Update the 1998 Pacemaker Guidelines). 2002.

Michael D Greenberg, Nevin M Katz, Stephen Iuliano, Barbara J Tempesta, Allen J Solomon. Atrial pacing for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiovascular surgery. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2000. 

Hayes DL, Furman S. Stability of AV conduction in sick sinus node syndrome patients with implanted atrial pacemakers. Am Heart J. 1984. 

Oldroyd SH, Makaryus AN. First Degree Heart Block. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL). 2019.

Abdelmageed REM, Xiao HB. Symptomatic first-degree atrioventricular block in a young woman after taking a fat burner supplement. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2017.

Nikolaidou T, Ghosh JM, Clark AL. Outcomes Related to First-Degree Atrioventricular Block and Therapeutic Implications in Patients With Heart Failure. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2016.

Kwok CS, Rashid M. et al. Prolonged PR interval, first-degree heart block and adverse cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2016.

Fredrik Holmqvist, Anne S. Hellkamp, Kerry L. Lee , Gervasio A. Lamas et al. Adverse Effects of First-Degree AV-Block in Patients with Sinus Node Dysfunction: Data from the Mode Selection Trial. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, 2014. 

Ogunlade O, Akintomide AO, Ajayi OE, Eluwole OA. Marked First Degree Atrioventricular Block: an extremely prolonged PR interval associated with Atrioventricular Dissociation in a young Nigerian man with Pseudo-Pacemaker Syndrome: a case report. BMC Res Notes. 2014.

Uhm JS, Shim J, et al. First-degree atrioventricular block is associated with advanced atrioventricular block, atrial fibrillation and left ventricular dysfunction in patients with hypertension. J Hypertens. 2014.

Holmqvist F, Hellkamp AS. et al. Adverse effects of first-degree AV-block in patients with sinus node dysfunction: data from the mode selection trial. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2014.

Holmqvist F, Daubert JP. First-degree AV block-an entirely benign finding or a potentially curable cause of cardiac disease? Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2013.

Akhtar W, Rathod KS, Alexander J, Farooqi F. Profound first-degree atrioventricular block. BMJ Case Rep. 2013.

Crisel RK, Farzaneh-Far R, Na B, Whooley MA. First-degree atrioventricular block is associated with heart failure and death in persons with stable coronary artery disease: data from the Heart and Soul Study. Eur Heart J. 2011.

Gopinathannair R, Olshansky B. Resting sinus heart rate and first degree av block: modifiable risk predictors or epiphenomena?. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2009.

Denis Berdajs et al. Incidence and pathophysiology of atrioventricular block following mitral valve replacement and ring annuloplasty, European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Volume 34, Issue 1, July 2008. 

Barold SS, Ilercil A, Leonelli F, Herweg B. First-degree atrioventricular block. Clinical manifestations, indications for pacing, pacemaker management & consequences during cardiac resynchronization. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2006.

Blum A, Ashkenazi H, Haromankov I, Khazim K, Sheiman J. First-degree atrioventricular block and restrictive physiology as cardiac manifestations of Fabry's disease. South Med J. 2003.

Bexton RS, Camm AJ. First degree atrioventricular block. Eur Heart J. 1984.

Nakashima T, Suzuki K, Ido T, Yamaura M, Takahashi S, Aoyama T. A 2:1 atrioventricular block presenting paradoxical ventriculophasic response. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2019.

Katritsis DG. Second-degree Atrioventricular Block: Conceptions and Misconceptions. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev. 2018. 

Aksu T, Golcuk SE, Erdem Guler T, Yalin K, Erden I. Functional permanent 2:1 atrioventricular block treated with cardioneuroablation: Case report. Heart Rhythm Case Rep. 2015. 

Hong SP, Park YW, Lee YS. Intra-His bundle block in 2:1 atrioventricular block. World J Cardiol. 2015. 

Yamada T, Tabereaux PB, McElderry HT, Kay GN. QRS alternans with 2:1 atrioventricular conduction block: what is the mechanism?. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2008. 

Serge Barold S., Hayes D.L. Second-degree atrioventricular block: A reappraisal. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2001.

K. Ching Man et al. 2:1 Atrioventricular Block During Atrioventricular Node Reentrant Tachycardia. JACC. 1996.

Lucia M. Mangiardi et al. Bedside evaluation of atrioventricular block with narrow QRS complexes: Usefulness of carotid sinus massage and atropine administration. The American Journal of Cardiology, 1982.

Feldman, R. et al. Two-to-one A-V block with four-to-three A-V nodal Wenckebach, a form of spontaneous multilevel block. Journal of Electrocardiology. 1978. 
 

DAMATO et al. Functional 2:1 A-V Block within the His-Purkinje System. Circulation. 1973. 

Richard Langendorf et al. Observations on second degree atrioventricular block, including new criteria for the differential diagnosis between type I and type II block. The American Journal of Cardiology, 1972.

Kashou AH, Goyal A, Nguyen T, et al. Atrioventricular Block. [Updated 2020 Nov 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020. 

Mangi MA, Jones WM, Napier L. Atrioventricular Block Second-Degree. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): 2019.

S. Serge Barold. Type I Wenckebach second‐degree AV block: A matter of definition. Wiley Online Library. 2018.

Barold SS, Herweg B. Second-degree atrioventricular block revisited. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol. 2012.

Kanbur NO, Goldberg E, et al. Second-degree atrioventricular block (Mobitz Type I) in an adolescent with anorexia nervosa: intrinsic or acquired conduction abnormality. Int J Eat Disord. 2009.

Upshaw CB Jr, Silverman ME. The Wenckebach phenomenon: a salute and comment on the centennial of its original description. Ann Intern Med. 1999.

Lim Y, Singh D, Poh KK. High-grade atrioventricular block. Singapore Med J. 2018. 

Cardoso R, Alfonso CE, Coffey JO. Reversibility of High-Grade Atrioventricular Block with Revascularization in Coronary Artery Disease without Infarction: A Literature Review. Case Rep Cardiol. 2016.

Pokorney SD, Radder C, Schulte PJ, et al. High-degree atrioventricular block, asystole, and electro-mechanical dissociation complicating non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2016. 

Egger F. et al. High-degree atrioventricular block in patients with preexisting bundle branch block or bundle branch block occurring during transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Heart Rhythm Society. 2014. 

Wenckebach, K. F. Arrhythmia of the heart: a physiological and clinical study. University of Glasgow. Library. 1904. 

Mangi MA, Jones WM, Napier L. Atrioventricular Block Second-Degree. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): 2019.

Kariyanna PT, Jayarangaiah A, et al. A Rare Case of Second Degree Mobitz Type II AV Block Associated with Cocaine Use. A J Med Case Rep. 2018.

Kitamura T, Ohno N, Bougaki M, Saito Y, Orii R, Yamada Y. Second-degree atrioventricular block (Mobitz type II) probably exaggerated by dopamine during anesthetic management for a patient with ochronosis: a case report. Masui. 2008.

Wogan JM, Lowenstein SR, Gordon GS. Second-degree atrioventricular block: Mobitz type II. J Emerg Med. 1993.

S. Serge Barold. Narrow QRS mobitz type II second-degree atrioventricular block in acute myocardial infarction: True or false? The American Journal of Cardiology. 1991.

Hilleman DE, Mohiuddin SM, Destache CJ. Lidocaine-induced second-degree mobitz type II heart block. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1985.

Strasberg B, Amat-Y-Leon F. et al. Natural history of chronic second-degree atrioventricular nodal block. Circulation. 1981.

Zhang S, Yang J, Jin X, Zhang S. Myocardial infarction, symptomatic third degree atrioventricular block and pulmonary embolism caused by thalidomide: a case report. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2015. 

Alsayegh Y, Abdallah C. Unusual diagnosis of a persistent third-degree atrioventricular block during anesthesia in a "healthy" pediatric patient. Saudi J Anaesth. 2012. 

Levis JT. ECG Diagnosis: Complete Heart Block. Perm J. 2011. 

Nikolaos Lionakis, Ioannis Moyssakis, Elias Gialafos, Nikolaos Dalianis, Vassilios Votteas. Aortic Dissection and Third‐Degree Atrioventricular Block in a Patient With a Hypertensive Crisis. JCH 2008.

E. M. Kojic T. Hardarson N. Sigfusson H. Sigvaldason. The prevalence and prognosis of third-degree atrioventricular conduction block: the Reykjavik Study. Journal of Internal Medicine. 2001.

Eva-Maria Jordi, Stephan C. U. Marsch, Stephan Strebel Third Degree Heart Block and Asystole Associated with Spinal Anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1998.

Bergfeldt L, Rosenqvist M, Vallin H, Edhag O. Disopyramide induced second and third degree atrioventricular block in patients with bifascicular block. An acute stress test to predict atrioventricular block progression. Br Heart J. 1985.

Lim Y, Singh D, Poh KK. High-grade atrioventricular block. Singapore Med J. 2018. 

Takaya Y, Kusano KF, Nakamura K, Ito H. Outcomes in patients with high-degree atrioventricular block as the initial manifestation of cardiac sarcoidosis. Am J Cardiol. 2015.

Mohanan Nair KK, Namboodiri N, Kevadiya H, Valaparambil A. Interesting case of narrow QRS tachycardia with atrioventricular dissociation. J Saudi Heart Assoc. 2018.

Arrhythmia Essentials (Second Edition), Atrioventricular-dissociation. ScienceDirect. 2017.

Garcia, E. L., Kim, R., Hsu, S. S., & Catanzaro, J. N. Interference dissociation in the presence of dual atrioventricular nodal physiology. HeartRhythm case reports, 2016. 

Aksu U., Kalkan K., Gulcu O. et al. Comparison of standard and Lewis ECG in detection of atrioventricular dissociation in patients with wide QRS tachycardia.  International Journal of Cardiology, 2016.

Hamdan, R., Le Heuzey, J. Y., & Marijon, E. (2012). Understanding the atrioventricular dissociation. International journal of cardiology, 2012.

Harrigan RA, Perron AD, Brady WJ. Atrioventricular dissociation. Am J Emerg Med. 2001.

Oreto G, Smeets JL, Rodriguez LM, Timmermans C, Wellens HJ. Wide complex tachycardia with atrioventricular dissociation and QRS morphology identical to that of sinus rhythm: a manifestation of bundle branch reentry. Heart. 1996.

HJL Marriott, MM Menendez. AV dissociation revisited. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, Elsevier, 1966. 

PHIBBS B. Interference, dissociation, and semantics. A plea for rational nomenclature. American heart journal, 1963. 

Kinoshita S, Katoh T, Hagisawa K, Fukushima T, Ikawa S. Apparent AV junctional escape in Wenckebach AV block: markedly slow conduction through the slow AV pathway. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2009. 

Junctional escape beats. In Chou's Electrocardiography in Clinical Practice (Sixth Edition), 2008. 

Junctional Escape Complexes by ECG Finding. MedGen. NCBI. 

James O'Keefe et al. The Complete Guide to ECGs: A Comprehensive Study Guide to Improve ECG Interpretation Skills. 5th Edition. 

Mazen M Kawji, D Luke Glancy. Syncope, Junctional Premature Complexes, and Pseudo-Type II Atrioventricular Block. Am J Cardiol. 2018. 

Golchha SK, Bachani N, Lokhandwala Y. Premature complexes and pauses. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2017. 

J Abrams, J R Dykstra. Pseudo A-V block secondary to concealed junctional extrasystoles. Case report and review of the literature. Am J Med. 1977. 

James O'Keefe et al. The Complete Guide to ECGs: A Comprehensive Study Guide to Improve ECG Interpretation Skills. 5th Edition. 

Lak HM, Goyal A. Pacemaker Types and Selection. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. 

Bera D, Joshi RS, Majumder S, Mukherjee SS. Inhibition of ventricular output in a dual chamber pacemaker with normal pacing and sensing parameters: What is the mechanism?. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2022. 

Self M, Tainter CR. Overdrive Pacing. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. 

Abu-haniyeh A, Hajouli S. Pacemaker Mediated Tachycardia. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls, 2021. 

EHRA expert consensus statement and practical guide on optimal implantation technique for conventional pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and the Latin-American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS). EP Europace, 2021. 

2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy: Developed by the Task Force on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) With the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), European Heart Journal, 2021. 

The leadless pacemaker: An innovative design to enhance pacemaking capabilities. JAAPA, 2019.

Alasti M, Machado C, Rangasamy K, et al. Pacemaker-mediated arrhythmias. J Arrhythm. 2018. 

Cardiac Pacemakers: Function, Troubleshooting, and Management: Part 1 of a 2-Part Series. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017.

Siva K. Mulpuru et al. Cardiac Pacemakers: Function, Troubleshooting, and Management: Part 1 of a 2-Part Series. JACC, 2017. 

Advances and Future Directions in Cardiac Pacemakers: Part 2 of a 2-Part Series. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017. 

Eusebio García-Izquierdo, Silvia Vilches and Victor Castro. Is This Pacemaker Functioning Abnormally? Circulation, 2017. 

Dual Chamber Pacemaker. Journals & Books. Cardiovascular Pathology (Fourth Edition), 2016. 

Enrico Maria Greco et at. How to Program Rate Responsive Pacemakers. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, 2016. 

Malcolm Kirk. Chapter 1. Basic Principles of Pacing. Book Editor(s):Anthony W.C. Chow, Alfred E. Buxton. Implantable Cardiac Pacemakers and Defibrillators: All You Wanted to Know, 2016. 

Safavi-Naeini P, Saeed M. Pacemaker Troubleshooting: Common Clinical Scenarios. Tex Heart Inst J. 2016. 

Bergamin C, Graf. [Magnets, pacemaker and defibrillator: fatal attraction?]. Rev Med Suisse. 2015. 

Kotsakou M, Kioumis I, Lazaridis G, et al. Pacemaker insertion. Ann Transl Med. 2015. 

Tom Kenny. Chapter 19. Upper-rate behavior. The Nuts and Bolts of Implantable Device Therapy Pacemakers, 2014. 

Refractory Period. Clinical Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease (Second Edition), 2012. 

Valentina Kutyifa, Ole A. Breithardt. How to Assess the Nonresponder to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy–A Comprehensive Stepwise Approach. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2012. 

Statescu C, Sascau RA, Maciuc V, Arsenescu Georgescu C. Programming an optimal atrioventricular interval in a dual chamber pacemaker regional population. Maedica (Bucur). 2011. 

MONICA Y. LO, OWEN A. OBEL. Maximizing Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. The Journal of Innovations in Cardiac Rhythm Management. 2011. 

Aquilina O. A brief history of cardiac pacing. Images Paediatr Cardiol. 2006. 

Roberts PR. Follow up and optimisation of cardiac pacing. Heart. 2005. 

Dell'Orto S, Valli P, Greco EM. Sensors for rate responsive pacing. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2004. 

ALAN D. BERNSTEIN et al. The Revised NASPE/BPEG Generic Code for Antibradycardia, Adaptive-Rate, and Multisite Pacing. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, 2003. 

S. SERGE BAROLD,IGNACIO GALLARDO,DANY SAYAD. Wenckebach Upper Rate Response of Pacemakers Implanted for Nontraditional Indications: The Other Side of the Coin. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, 2003. 
 

Israel CW. [Mode-switching algorithms: programming and usefulness]. Herz. 2001. 

S Jayaprakash, P B Sparks, J M Kalman, H G Mond. Dual demand pacing using retriggerable refractory periods for ventricular rate control during paroxysmal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with dual chamber pacemakers. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 2000. 

PAUL A. LEVINE, JEFFREY P. SELTZER. Fusion, Pseudofusion, Pseudo-Pseudofusion and Confusion: Normal Rhythms Associated with Atrioventricular Sequential “DVI” Pacing. Clinical Progress in Pacing and Electrophysiology. 1983. 

S. SERGE BAROLD et al. Characterization of Pacemaker Arrhythmias Due to Normally Functioning AV Demand (DVI) Pulse Generators. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology. 1980.

Puette JA, Ellison MB. Pacemaker. [Updated 2020 Jan 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020. 

Ahran D. Arnold et al. His Resynchronization Versus Biventricular Pacing in Patients With Heart Failure and Left Bundle Branch Block. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2018. 

Amirfarjam Fazelifar et al. Electrocardiographic patterns in biventricular pacing delivered by second-generation cardiac resynchronization devices. Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal, 2018. 

Omar Issa, Ben Hurwitz, Jody Ritter, Saberio Lo Presti, Alfonso Tolentino. ECG CRITERIA FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF BI-VENTRICULAR PACING. JACC, 2017. 

Anne-Christine Ruwald, Valentina Kutyifa, et al. The association between biventricular pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillator efficacy when compared with implantable cardioverter defibrillator on outcomes and reverse remodelling, European Heart Journal, 2015. 

Steven A. Lubitz, Jagmeet P. Singh, Biventricular pacing: more is better!, European Heart Journal, 2015. 

Teresa Colchero et al. Loss of Continuous Biventricular Pacing in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Patients: Incidence, Causes, and Outcomes. Revista Española de Cardiología, 2013. 

Anne B. Curtis et al. Biventricular Pacing for Atrioventricular Block and Systolic Dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2013. 

David L. Hayes, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy and the relationship of percent biventricular pacing to symptoms and survival. Heart Rhythm, 2011. 

Arthur J. Moss, et al. Cardiac-Resynchronization Therapy for the Prevention of Heart-Failure Events. N Engl J Med 2009.

Bruce A. Koplan et al. Heart Failure Decompensation and All-Cause Mortality in Relation to Percent Biventricular Pacing in Patients With Heart Failure: Is a Goal of 100% Biventricular Pacing Necessary?. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2009. 

Radu Vatasescu, Antonio Berruezo, et al. Midterm ‘super-response’ to cardiac resynchronization therapy by biventricular pacing with fusion: insights from electro-anatomical mapping, EP Europace, 2009. 

McAlister FA, Ezekowitz J, Hooton N, et al. Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy for Patients With Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: A Systematic Review. JAMA. 2007. 

Sue M. Ellery, Vince E. Paul, Complications of biventricular pacing, European Heart Journal Supplements, 2004. 

Abedin Z. Differential diagnosis of wide QRS tachycardia: A review. J Arrhythm. 2021. 

Paul Harris, Dimitrios Lysitsas. Ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. British Journal of Anaesthesia, VOLUME 16, ISSUE 7, 2016. 

Mahla H, Shenthar J, Sunil Kumar KR, et al. Ventricular tachycardia with regular capture beats. Case Reports 2014. 

Nabar A, Rodriguez L-M, Timmermans C, et al. Capture and fusion beats during atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. Heart 2000. 

Jeremy Stone et al. Frequency of Inverted Electrocardiographic T Waves (Cerebral T Waves) in Patients With Acute Strokes and Their Relation to Left Ventricular Wall Motion Abnormalities. The American Journal of Cardiology, 2017. 

Yogendranathan N, Herath HM, Pahalagamage SP, Kulatunga A. Electrocardiographic changes mimicking acute coronary syndrome in a large intracranial tumour: A diagnostic dilemma. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2017. 

Goldberger ZD, Creutzfeldt CJ, Goldberger AL. Catastrophic neurologic syndrome with dramatic ECG changes. J Electrocardiol. 2014. 

Martínez J, Ramón C, Morís C, Pascual J, Morís G. Abnormal electrocardiogram in a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mimicking myocardial ischaemia. World J Clin Cases. 2014. 

Krishnamoorthy V, Prathep S, Sharma D, Gibbons E, Vavilala MS. Association between electrocardiographic findings and cardiac dysfunction in adult isolated traumatic brain injury. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2014. 

Togha M, Sharifpour A, Ashraf H, Moghadam M, Sahraian MA. Electrocardiographic abnormalities in acute cerebrovascular events in patients with/without cardiovascular disease. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2013. 

Togha M, Sharifpour A, Ashraf H, Moghadam M, Sahraian MA. Electrocardiographic abnormalities in acute cerebrovascular events in patients with/without cardiovascular disease. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2013. 

María T, et al. Electrocardiographic Changes Underlying Central Nervous System Damage. Revista Española de Cardiología. 2012. 

Zhang J, Yang SW, Wang Z, Wei GR, Zhou YJ. Pseudo-ischaemic ECG in a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis surviving for a decade. BMJ Case Rep. 2012. 

Sakr YL, et al. Relation of ECG changes to neurological outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid. Int J Cardiol. 2004. 

Choy AM, et al. Abnormalities of the QT interval in primary disorders of autonomic failure. Am Heart J. 1998. 

Messina AG, et al. Effect of electroconvulsive therapy on the electrocardiogram and echocardiogram. Anesth Analg. 1992. 

Grossman MA. Cardiac Arrhythmias in Acute Central Nervous System Disease: Successful Management With Stellate Ganglion Block. Arch Intern Med. 1976. 

Hindfelt B. The electrocardiogram in infratentorial infarcts. J Neurol Sci. 1975. 

J.A. Abildskov, et al. The electrocardiogram and the central nervous system. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases.1970. 

Sobolev et al. Diagnosis of combined myocardial ventricular hypertrophy using precordial mapping. II. Selection of the parameters of the cartogram of diagnostic significance for the differential diagnosis of combined myocardial hypertrophy and its isolated forms. Biull Vsesoiuznogo Kardiol Nauchn Tsentra AMN SSSR. 1988. 

Murphy et al. Reevaluation of electrocardiographic criteria for left, right and combined cardiac ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol. 1984. 

Loperfido et al. The evaluation of left and right ventricular hypertrophy in combined ventricular overload by electrocardiography: relationship with the echocardiographic data. J Electrocardiol. 1982. 

Larry P. Elliott, W.JapeTaylor, Gerold L.Schiebler. Combined ventricular hypertrophy in infancy: Vectorcardiographic observations with special reference to the Katz-Wachtel phenomenon. The American Journal of Cardiology Volume 11, Issue 2, Pages 164-172, February 1963.

LIPSETT MB, ZINN WJ. Anatomic and electrocardiographic correlation in combined ventricular hypertrophy. Am Heart J. 1953. 

PAGNONI A, GOODWIN JF. The cardiographic diagnosis of combined ventricular hypertrophy. Br Heart J. 1952. 

L.N.Katz. H.Wachtel. The diphasic QRS type of electrocardiogram in congenital heart disease. American Heart Journa. Volume 13, Issue 2, Pages 202-206. February 1937.

James O'Keefe et al. The Complete Guide to ECGs: A Comprehensive Study Guide to Improve ECG Interpretation Skills. 5th Edition. 

Sun S, Zhang H, Liu XP. The phenomenon of concealed conduction in a case of His bundle pacing (HBP). J Int Med Res. 2020. 

Jazayeri MR. Role of concealed conduction and allied phenomena in the genesis, maintenance, and termination of cardiac arrhythmias. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2019. 

Oh YZ, Tan VH, Wong KC. Concealed conduction of premature ventricular complexes resulting in AV nodal block. J Arrhythm. 2017. 

Ari H., Ari S., Koca V. Misleading ECG appearance of AV block due to concealed AV nodal conduction. Arch Turk Soc Cardiol. 2009. 

Xu B, Billette J, Lavallée M. Concealed conduction in nodal dual pathways: depressed conduction, prolonged refractoriness, or reset excitability cycle? Heart Rhythm. 2006. 

Liu S, Olsson SB, Yang Y, Hertervig E, Kongstad O, Yuan S. Concealed conduction and dual pathway physiology of the atrioventricular node. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2004. 

Lehmann M.H., Mahmud R., Denker S. Retrograde concealed conduction in the atrioventricular node: differential manifestations related to level of intranodal penetration. Circulation. 1984. 

Klein GJ, Yee R, Sharma AD. Concealed conduction in accessory atrioventricular pathways: an important determinant of the expression of arrhythmias in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Circulation. 1984. 

Lehmann MH, Mahmud R, Denker S, Soni J, Akhtar M. Retrograde concealed conduction in the atrioventricular node: differential manifestations related to level of intranodal penetration. Circulation. 1984. 

Fisch C. Concealed conduction. Cardiol Clin. 1983. 

Childers R. Concealed conduction. Med Clin North Am. 1976. 

Carleton R.A., Graettinger J.S. Evidence of concealed atrioventricular conduction in man. Circulation. 1966. 

Langendorf R., Pick A. Concealed conduction. Further evaluation of a fundamental aspect of propagation of the cardiac impulse. Circulation. 1956. 

2022 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Evaluation and Disposition of Acute Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. 

Karna S, Chourasiya M, Chaudhari T, Bakrenia S, Patel U. De Winter Sign in Inferior Leads: A Rare Presentation. Heart Views. 2019. 

Xu W, Lu L, Jin M. de Winter Electrocardiogram Pattern—An Unusual ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Equivalent Pattern. JAMA Intern Med. 2019. 

Babken Asatryan, Lukas Vaisnora, Negar Manavifar. Electrocardiographic Diagnosis of Life-Threatening STEMI Equivalents. J Am Coll Cardiol Case Rep. 2019. 

Yang Y, Ma Y, Yin D, et al. Atypical and delayed de Winter electrocardiograph pattern: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019. 

Pranata R, Huang I, Damay V. Should de Winter T-Wave Electrocardiography Pattern Be Treated as ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Equivalent with Consequent Reperfusion? A Dilemmatic Experience in Rural Area of Indonesia. Case Rep Cardiol. 2018.

Xu J, Wang A, Liu L, Chen Z. The de winter electrocardiogram pattern is a transient electrocardiographic phenomenon that presents at the early stage of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Clin Cardiol. 2018. 

Qayyum H, Hemaya S, Squires J, Adam Z. Recognising the de Winter ECG pattern - A time critical electrocardiographic diagnosis in the Emergency Department. J Electrocardiol. 2018. 

Morris NP, Body R. The De Winter ECG pattern: morphology and accuracy for diagnosing acute coronary occlusion: systematic review. Eur J Emerg Med. 2017. 

Fiol Sala M, Bayés de Luna A, Carrillo López A, García-Niebla J. The "De Winter Pattern" Can Progress to ST-segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2015. 

de Winter RJ et al. A new ECG sign of proximal LAD occlusion. N Engl J Med. 2008. 

Guo G, Yang L, Wu J, Sun L. Implantation of VVI pacemaker in a patient with dextrocardia, persistent left superior vena cava, and sick sinus syndrome: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017.

Offen S., Jackson D., Canniffe C., Choudhary P., Celermajer D.S. Dextrocardia in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease. Heart Lung and Circulation, 2016.

Ayeni OA, Malan N, Hammond EN, Vangu MD. Myocardial Perfusion SPECT Imaging in Dextrocardia with Situs Inversus: A Case Report. Asia Ocean J Nucl Med Biol. 2016.

Ogunlade O, Ayoka AO, Akomolafe RO, et al. The role of electrocardiogram in the diagnosis of dextrocardia with mirror image atrial arrangement and ventricular position in a young adult Nigerian in Ile-Ife: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2015.

Ibrahim A. Familial dextrocardia in a Nigerian family. Niger Med J. 2013.

D. Crespo Marcos, J. Pérez-Lescure Picarzo. Clinical cases in cardiology (n.^o 5): a child with anomalous cardiac auscultation. Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria, 2010. 

lbasheer E, Habib A, Salam A. Primary angioplasty and later elective multivessel stenting in a patient with dextrocardia: a case report and literature review. J Invasive Cardiol. 2010.

Yusuf SW, Durand JB, Lenihan DJ, Swafford J. Dextrocardia: an incidental finding. Tex Heart Inst J. 2009. 

Pierre D. Maldjian and Muhamed Saric. Approach to Dextrocardia in Adults: Review. American Journal of Roentgenology, 2007.

Garg N., Agarwal B.L., Modi N., Radhakrishnan S., Sinha N. Dextrocardia: An analysis of cardiac structures in 125 patients. International Journal of Cardiolog, 2003.

Stamou SC et al. Beating heart surgery in a patient with dextrocardia and complete situs inversus. J Card Surg. 2003.

Momma K., Linde L.M. Cardiac rhythms in dextrocardia. The American Journal of Cardiology, 1970.

Rehman R, Hai O. Digitalis Toxicity. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): 2019. 

Gill D, Zaidi S. Rare Manifestation of Digoxin Toxicity: Right Bundle Branch Block. J Basic Clin Pharm. 2016. 

MacLeod-Glover N, Mink M, Yarema M, Chuang R. Digoxin toxicity: Case for retiring its use in elderly patients?. Can Fam Physician. 2016. 

Pincus M. Management of digoxin toxicity. Aust Prescr. 2016. 

Vyas A, Bachani N, Thakur H, Lokhandwala Y. Digitalis toxicity: ECG vignette. Indian Heart J. 2016. 

Kirilmaz B, Saygi S, Gungor H, et al. Digoxin intoxication: An old enemy in modern era. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2012. 

Yang EH, Shah S, Criley JM. Digitalis toxicity: a fading but crucial complication to recognize. Am J Med. 2012. 

Goldberger ZD, Goldberger AL. Therapeutic ranges of serum digoxin concentrations in patients with heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2012. 

Juneja D, Singh O, Bhasin A, Gupta M, Saxena S, Chaturvedi A. Severe suicidal digoxin toxicity managed with resin hemoperfusion: A case report. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2012. 

Kirkwood F. Adams Jr et al. Relationship of Serum Digoxin Concentration to Mortality and Morbidity in Women in the Digitalis Investigation Group Trial: A Retrospective Analysis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2005. 

Ma G, Brady WJ, Pollack M, Chan TC. Electrocardiographic manifestations: digitalis toxicity. J Emerg Med. 2001. 

Puette JA, Ellison MB. Pacemaker. [Updated 2020 Jan 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020. 

Klop, B., van Woerkens, L.J.P.M. & Bijl, M. Neth Heart J, 2018. 

Steven J Hussein, Charles H Hennekens, Gervasio A Lamas. An update on clinical trials in pacing: is dual chamber pacing better? Current Opinion in Cardiology, 2004. 

Stuart J. Connolly, et al. Dual-Chamber Versus Ventricular Pacing. Circulation. 1996. 

Ibrahim B, Sanderson JE, Wright B, Palmer R. Dual chamber pacing: how many patients remain in DDD mode over the long term?. Br Heart J. 1995. 

Petch MC. Who needs dual chamber pacing?. BMJ. 1993.

Jay N. Gross et al. DDD pacing mode survival in patients with a dual-chamber pacemaker. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 1992. 

Martin A. Alpert et al.  Comparative survival following permanent ventricular and dual-chamber pacing for patients with chronic symptomatic sinus node dysfunction with and without congestive heart failure. American Heart Journal, 1987. 

Sattar Y, Chhabra L. Electrocardiogram. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. 

Jordan M Prutkin. ECG tutorial: Basic principles of ECG analysis. UpToDate, 2022. 

Kashou AH, Basit H, Chhabra L. Electrical Right and Left Axis Deviation. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. 

Francis J. ECG monitoring leads and special leads. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2016. 

AlGhatrif M, Lindsay J. A brief review: history to understand fundamentals of electrocardiography. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2012. 

Rajaganeshan R, Ludlam CL, Francis DP, Parasramka SV, Sutton R. Accuracy in ECG lead placement among technicians, nurses, general physicians and cardiologists. Int J Clin Pract. 2008. 

Paul Kligfield et al. Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram. Circulation, 2007. 

Meek S, Morris F. ABC of clinical electrocardiography.Introduction. I-Leads, rate, rhythm, and cardiac axis. BMJ. 2002. 

Noble RJ, Hillis JS, Rothbaum DA. Electrocardiography. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Boston: Butterworths; 1990.

W. Einthoven & K. de Lint. Ueber das normale menschliche Elektrokardiogramm und über die capillar-elektrometrische Untersuchung einiger Herzkranken. Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere volume 80, pages139–160 (1900). 

Meek S, Morris F. ABC of clinical electrocardiography.Introduction. I-Leads, rate, rhythm, and cardiac axis. BMJ. 2002. 

Becker DE. Fundamentals of electrocardiography interpretation. Anesth Prog. 2006. 

Goldberger AL. Clinical Electrocardiography: A Simplified Approach. St Louis, Mo: Mosby Inc; 1999. 6th ed.

Ingram D, Strecker-McGraw MK. Electrical Alternans.In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): 2019. 

Omar HR, Camporesi EM. Pseudoelectrical alternans during supraventricular tachycardia. Turk J Emerg Med. 2017.

Mugmon M. Electrical alternans vs. pseudoelectrical alternans. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2012. 

Jeilan M, Habib A, Colver H, Kundu S, Mohammed N, Loke I. Striking electrical and mechanical alternans associated with cardiac tamponade. BMJ Case Rep. 2010. 

Wilson LD, Jeyaraj D, Wan X, et al. Heart failure enhances susceptibility to arrhythmogenic cardiac alternans. Heart Rhythm. 2009. 

Lau TK, Civitello AB, Hemandez A, Coulter SA. Cardiac tamponade and electrical alternans. Tex Heart Inst J. 2002. 

Padala SK, Ellenbogen KA, Koneru JN. Intermittent loss of capture in a His bundle pacemaker: What is the cause?. HeartRhythm Case Rep. 2017. 

Safavi-Naeini P, Saeed M. Pacemaker Troubleshooting: Common Clinical Scenarios. Tex Heart Inst J. 2016. 

Padala SK, Sharma PS, Ellenbogen KA, Koneru JN. Intermittent failure to capture: What is the mechanism?. HeartRhythm Case Rep. 2016.

Sahinoglu E, Wool TJ, Wool KJ. Failure of communication and capture: The perils of temporary unipolar pacing system. J Arrhythm. 2015.

N'Guetta R, Mansencal N, Digne F, Dubourg O. Acute hyperkalemia and failure of pacemaker stimulus. Int J Cardiol. 2011. 

Kahloon MU et al. Hyperkalemia induced failure of atrial and ventricular pacemaker capture. Int J Cardiol. 2005. 

Safavi-Naeini P, Saeed M. Pacemaker Troubleshooting: Common Clinical Scenarios. Tex Heart Inst J. 2016.

Clair WK, Montgomery JA, Ellis CR. Apparent Failure to Sense during Temporary Pacing with a Permanent Pulse Generator. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2015. 

Wranicz JK, Chudzik M, Cygankiewicz I, Klimczak A, Kaczmarek K, Maciejewski M, Goch JH. Pacing and sensing disturbances in patients with DDD pacemakers in the early period after implantation. Acta Cardiol. 2006. 

Glicksman FL, Zaman L, Huikuri HV, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ. Reversible failure to sense ventricular tachycardia early after surgical implantation of the automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Am J Cardiol. 1988. 

van Mechelen R, Hart C, de Boer H. Failure to sense P waves during DDD pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1986. 

Quintal R, Dhurandhar RW, Jain RK. Pseudo failure of sensing in patients with universal pacemakers and junctional rhythms. J Electrocardiol. 1984. 

Quintal R, Dhurandhar RW, Jain RK. Pseudo failure of sensing in patients with universal pacemakers and junctional rhythms. J Electrocardiol. 1984. 

Kaplan J, Lala V. Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls. 2019.

Liwanag M, Willoughby C. Atrial Tachycardia. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls; 2019. 

ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia. European Heart Journal, 2019. 

Liu CF, et al. Unifying Algorithm for Mechanistic Diagnosis of Atrial Tachycardia. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2016. 

Patel A, Markowitz SM. Atrial tachycardia: mechanisms and management. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2008. 

Roberts-Thomson KC, Kistler PM, Kalman JM. Focal atrial tachycardia II: management. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2006. 

Goodacre S, Irons R. ABC of clinical electrocardiography: Atrial arrhythmias [published correction appears in BMJ 2002. 

Chen SA, et al. Focal atrial tachycardia: reanalysis of the clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics and prediction of successful radiofrequency ablation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1998. 

James O'Keefe et al. The Complete Guide to ECGs: A Comprehensive Study Guide to Improve ECG Interpretation Skills. 5th Edition. 

Fusion beat. Cardiology Secrets (Fourth Edition), Journals & Books, ScienceDirect. 2014. 

HENRY J. L. MARRIOTT, NEIL L. SCHWARTZ and HAROLD H. BIX. Ventricular fusion beats. Circulation 1962. 

MALINOW MR, LANGENDORF R. Different mechanisms of fusion beats. Am Heart J. 1948. 

Lewis T. The Mechanism and Graphic Registration of the Heart Beat London: Shaw and Sons 1920.

Lewis T. Clinical Electrocardiography, London Shaw and Sons, 1918.

Recommendations for the Use of Echocardiography in the Evaluation of Rheumatic Heart Disease: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography.

Recommendations for Multimodality Cardiovascular Imaging of Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography, in Collaboration with the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. 2022. 

Recommended Standards for the Performance of Transesophageal Echocardiographic Screening for Structural Heart Intervention. 2022. 

Non-Invasive Imaging in Coronary Syndromes: Recommendations of The European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography, in Collaboration with The American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 2022. 

Recommendations for the Adult Cardiac Sonographer Performing Echocardiography to Screen for Critical Congenital Heart Disease in the Newborn: From the American Society of Echocardiography. 2021. 

Recommendations for Multimodality Assessment of Congenital Coronary Anomalies: A Guide from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Japanese Society of Echocardiography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 2020.  

Guidelines for Performance, Interpretation, and Application of Stress Echocardiography in Ischemic Heart Disease: From the American Society of Echocardiography. 2020. 

Guidelines for the Use of Transesophageal Echocardiography to Assist with Surgical Decision-Making in the Operating Room: A Surgery-Based Approach From the American Society of Echocardiography in Collaboration with the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. 2020. 

Recommendations on the Use of Multimodality Cardiovascular Imaging in Young Adult Competitive Athletes: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography in Collaboration with the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography and the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 2020. 

Recommendations for Echocardiography Laboratories Participating in Cardiac Point of Care Cardiac Ultrasound (POCUS) and Critical Care Echocardiography Training: Report from the American Society of Echocardiography. 2020. 

Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography.

Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transesophageal Echocardiographic Examination in Children and All Patients with Congenital Heart Disease: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography.

Guidelines for the Evaluation of Valvular Regurgitation After Percutaneous Valve Repair or Replacement. 2019. 

ACC/AATS/AHA/ASE/ASNC/HRS/SCAI/ SCCT/SCMR/STS 2019 Appropriate Use Criteria for Multimodality Imaging in the Assessment of Cardiac Structure and Function in Nonvalvular Heart Disease. 2019. 

Clinical Applications of Ultrasonic Enhancing Agents in Echocardiography: 2018 American Society of Echocardiography Guidelines Update. 

Recommendations for Multimodality Cardiac Imaging in Patients with Chagas Disease: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography in Collaboration With the InterAmerican Association of Echocardiography (ECOSIAC) and the Cardiovascular Imaging Department of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (DIC-SBC). 

Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 

Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Valve Stenosis: A Focused Update from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography. 

The Clinical Use of Stress Echocardiography in Non-Ischaemic Heart Disease: Recommendations from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography. 

Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease: An Expert Consensus Document from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography. 

Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. 

Guidelines for the Use of Echocardiography in the Evaluation of a Cardiac Source of Embolism.

Multimodality Imaging Guidelines of Patients with Transposition of the Great Arteries: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. 

Echocardiography in the Management of Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography.

Invasive Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. 2021. 

2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease: Developed by the Task Force for the management of valvular heart disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS).  

EHRA expert consensus statement and practical guide on optimal implantation technique for conventional pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and the Latin-American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS). 2021. 

2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. 

2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. 

European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Executive summary. 2021. 

2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy: Developed by the Task Force on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) With the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). 

Acute coronary syndromes and acute heart failure: a diagnostic dilemma and high-risk combination. A statement from the Acute Heart Failure Committee of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. 2020. 

Management of myocardial revascularization failure: an expert consensus document of the EAPCI. 2020. 

2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 

Acute Cardiovascular Care Association position statement for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: A document of the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association of the European Society of Cardiology. 2020. 

2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines. 

Drug-Induced Arrhythmias: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. 2020. 

Diagnosis and risk stratification of chest pain patients in the emergency department: focus on acute coronary syndromes. A position paper of the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association. 2020. 

Clinical Management of Stable Coronary Artery Disease in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. 2020. 

Antithrombotic therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome complicated by cardiogenic shock or out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a joint position paper from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Working Group on Thrombosis, in association with the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association (ACCA) and European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI). 2020. 

2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 

Tafamidis Treatment for Patients with Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy. 2018. 

Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation with Heart Failure. 2018. 

Spironolactone for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. 2014. 

Effect of Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibition on Exercise Capacity and Clinical Status in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Randomized Clinical Trial. 2013. 

Diuretic Strategies in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. 2011.

Coronary-Artery Bypass Surgery in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction. 2011.

Cardiac-Resynchronization Therapy for the Prevention of Heart-Failure Events. 2009. 

Combination of Isosorbide Dinitrate and Hydralazine in Blacks with Heart Failure. 2004. 

Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET): randomised controlled trial. 2003.

A Comparison of Enalapril with Hydralazine–Isosorbide Dinitrate in the Treatment of Chronic Congestive Heart Failure. 1991. 

Vartanov AR, Lampson BL, Jacobsen ED, Alyea EP, Moslehi JJ, Brown JR. High-grade heart block associated with ibrutinib therapy. HeartRhythm Case Rep. 2021.

Pavri BB, Nicholas Ruggiero 2nd. Dual atrioventricular nodal pathways physiology and high-grade heart block. J Electrocardiol. 2020. 

Ergle K, Gooden JY, Ahmed MM. High-Grade Atrioventricular Block Associated With Acute Influenza. Tex Heart Inst J. 2020. 

Ashok V, Loke WI. Case report: high-grade atrioventricular block in suspected COVID-19 myocarditis. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2020.

Lim Y, Singh D, Poh KK. High-grade atrioventricular block. Singapore Med J. 2018. 

Cardoso R, Alfonso CE, Coffey JO. Reversibility of High-Grade Atrioventricular Block with Revascularization in Coronary Artery Disease without Infarction: A Literature Review. Case Rep Cardiol. 2016. 

Singh SM, FitzGerald G, Yan AT, Brieger D, Fox KA, López-Sendón J, Yan RT, Eagle KA, Steg PG, Budaj A, Goodman SG. High-grade atrioventricular block in acute coronary syndromes: insights from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Eur Heart J. 2015. 

Agarwal N, Burkart TA. Transient, high-grade atrioventricular block from high-dose cyclophosphamide. Tex Heart Inst J. 2013. 

Altenmüller DM, Zehender M, Schulze-Bonhage A. High-grade atrioventricular block triggered by spontaneous and stimulation-induced epileptic activity in the left temporal lobe. Epilepsia. 2004. 

Ohm OJ, Breivik K. Patients with high-grade atrioventricular block treated and not treated with a pacemaker. Acta Med Scand. 1978. 

2022 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Evaluation and Disposition of Acute Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. 

Babken Asatryan, Lukas Vaisnora, Negar Manavifar. Electrocardiographic Diagnosis of Life-Threatening STEMI Equivalents. J Am Coll Cardiol Case Rep. 2019.

Levis JT. ECG Diagnosis: Hyperacute T Waves. Perm J. 2015. 

Zorzi A, Perazzolo Marra M, Migliore F, Tarantini G, Iliceto S, Corrado D. Interpretation of acute myocardial infarction with persistent 'hyperacute T waves' by cardiac magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2012. 

Verouden NJ, Koch KT et al. Persistent precordial "hyperacute" T-waves signify proximal left anterior descending artery occlusion. Heart. 2009. 

Sovari AA, Assadi R, Lakshminarayanan B, Kocheril AG. Hyperacute T wave, the early sign of myocardial infarction. Am J Emerg Med. 2007. 

Collins MS, Carter JE, Dougherty JM, Majercik SM, Hodsden JE, Logue EE. Hyperacute T-wave criteria using computer ECG analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 1990. 

Basok AB, Rogachev B, Haviv YS, Vorobiov M. Treatment of extreme hypercalcaemia: the role of haemodialysis. BMJ Case Rep. 2018. 

Durant E, Singh A. ST elevation due to hypercalcemia. Am J Emerg Med. 2017. 

Kelwade JV, Modi KD, Kumar N, Parekh H. Hypercalcemia and electrocardiogram changes. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2016. 

Patnaik S, Lai YK. Just hypercalcaemia or acute ST elevation myocardial infarction? A review of hypercalcaemia-related electrocardiographic changes. BMJ Case Rep. 2015. 

Strand AO, Aung TT, Agarwal A. Not all ST-segment changes are myocardial injury: hypercalcaemia-induced ST-segment elevation. BMJ Case Rep. 2015. 

Mirrakhimov AE. Hypercalcemia of Malignancy: An Update on Pathogenesis and Management. N Am J Med Sci. 2015. 

Schutt RC, Bibawy J, Elnemr M, et al. Case report: Severe hypercalcemia mimicking ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2014. 

Gardner JD, Calkins JB Jr, Garrison GE. ECG diagnosis: The effect of ionized serum calcium levels on electrocardiogram. Perm J. 2014. 

Cheng YT, Su CS, Chang WC, Chiang MH, Ting CT, Lin WW. Hypercalcemia-Induced New Onset Left Bundle Branch Block Mimicking Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Patient with Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Acta Cardiol Sin. 2013.

Zeb M., McKenzie D.B., Naheed B., Gazis T., Morgan J.M., Staniforth A.D. Hypercalcaemia and a Brugada-like ECG: An independent risk factor for fatal arrhythmias. Resuscitation, 2010.  

Wesson LC, Suresh V, Parry RG. Severe hypercalcaemia mimicking acute myocardial infarction. Clin Med (Lond). 2009. 

Otero J, Lenihan DJ. The "normothermic" Osborn wave induced by severe hypercalcemia. Tex Heart Inst J. 2000. 

Rosenqvist M, Nordenström J, Andersson M, Edhag OK. Cardiac conduction in patients with hypercalcaemia due to primary hyperparathyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1992. 

Basit H, Brito D, Sharma S. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019.

Lyon A, Bueno-Orovio A, Zacur E, et al. Electrocardiogram phenotypes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by distinct mechanisms: apico-basal repolarization gradients vs. Purkinje-myocardial coupling abnormalities. Europace. 2018. 

Lyon A, Ariga R, Mincholé A, et al. Distinct ECG Phenotypes Identified in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Using Machine Learning Associate With Arrhythmic Risk Markers. Front Physiol. 2018. 

Liew AC, Vassiliou VS, Cooper R, Raphael CE. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy-Past, Present and Future. J Clin Med. 2017. 

Mirabbasi SA, Khalighi K, Mukkamala S, Kodali A. A rare case of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (AHCM). J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2017. 

Campbell MJ, et al. Electrocardiography Screening for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2016. 

Guerrier K et al. Unexpectedly low left ventricular voltage on ECG in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2016. 

Houston BA, Stevens GR. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a review. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2015. 

Rahman QA, Tereshchenko LG, Kongkatong M, Abraham T, Abraham MR, Shatkay H. Identifying Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Patients by Classifying Individual Heartbeats from 12-lead ECG Signals. Proceedings (IEEE Int Conf Bioinformatics Biomed). 2014. 

Levis JT. ECG diagnosis: apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Perm J. 2013. 

Madias JE. Electrocardiogram in apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with a speculation as to the mechanism of its features. Neth Heart J. 2013. 

Helmy SM, Maauof GF, Shaaban AA, et al. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Prevalence, Hypertrophy Patterns, and Their Clinical and ECG Findings in a Hospital at Qatar. Heart Views. 2011. 

Potter SL, et al. Detection of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is improved when using advanced rather than strictly conventional 12-lead electrocardiogram. J Electrocardiol. 2010. 

Hudecová K, Simkova I, Bernadic M. ECG markers in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Vnitr Lek. 2010. 

TEARE D. Asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart in young adults. Br Heart J. 1958. 

Koufakis T, Gabranis I. No need to wait for the blood tests: the clinical diagnosis of hypocalcemia. Pan Afr Med J. 2014. 

Yang YC, Shen FR, Lu YQ. Hypocalcemia: a reversible cause of T wave alternans and heart failure. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2014. 

Patrício Aguiar et al. Miocardiopatia hipocalcémicaHypocalcemic cardiomyopathy. Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia, 2013. 

Ilveskoski E., Sclarovsky S., Nikus K. Severe hypocalcemia simulating ST-elevation myocardial infarction. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2012.

Keegan M.T., Bondy L.R., Blackshear J.L., Lanier W.L. Hypocalcemia-like electrocardiographic changes after administration of intravenous fosphenytoin. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 2002.

RuDusky B.M. ECG abnormalities associated with hypocalcemia. Chest, 2001.   

N.G. Fisher et al. Hypocalcaemic Cardiomyopathy; the relationship between myocardial damage, left ventricular function, calcium and ECG changes in a patient with idiopathic hypocalcaemia. European Journal of Heart Failure, 2001. 

Günter Lehmann et al.  ECG Changes in a 25-Year-Old Woman With Hypocalcemia Due to Hypoparathyroidism: Hypocalcemia Mimicking Acute Myocardial Infarction. Chest, 2000. 

U. Gmehlin et al. Ventricular Fibrillation due to Hypocalcemia after Parathyroidectomy with Autotransplantation of Parathyroid Tissue in a Dialysis Patient. Nephron 1995. 

Thomas B. Connor et al. Hypocalcemia Precipitating Congestive Heart Failure. N Engl J Med 1982. 

Kardalas E, Paschou SA, Anagnostis P, Muscogiuri G, Siasos G, Vryonidou A. Hypokalemia: a clinical update. Endocr Connect. 2018. 

Kardalas E, Paschou SA, Anagnostis P, Muscogiuri G, Siasos G, Vryonidou A. Hypokalemia: a clinical update. Endocr Connect. 2018. 

C E Chua, E Choi, E Y H Khoo, ECG changes of severe hypokalemia, QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 2018. 

Ahmed A, Zannad F, Love TE, et al. A propensity-matched study of the association of low serum potassium levels and mortality in chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2007.

Wang A, Li X, Dookhun MN, Zhang T, Xie P, Cao Y. A female patient with hypokalaemia-induced J wave syndrome: An unusual case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017. 

Dogan NO, Avcu N, Yaka E, Isikkent A, Durmus U. Weakness in the Emergency Department: Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis Induced By Strenuous Physical Activity. Turk J Emerg Med. 2016. 

Veltri KT, Mason C. Medication-induced hypokalemia. P T. 2015.

Glancy DL, Diwan PM. ECG of the Month: ECG in a 30-Year-Old Woman. J La State Med Soc. 2015. 

Petrov DB, Sardovski SI, Milanova MH. Severe Hypokalemia Masquerading Myocardial Ischemia. Cardiol Res. 2012.

Asmar A, Mohandas R, Wingo CS. A physiologic-based approach to the treatment of a patient with hypokalemia. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012. 

Levis JT. ECG diagnosis: hypokalemia. Perm J. 2012. 

Oleg E. Osadchii. Mechanisms of hypokalemia‐induced ventricular arrhythmogenicity. Fundamental & Clinical, Pharmacology, 2009. 

Soule BR, Simone NL. Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis: a case report and review of the literature. Cases J. 2008. 

Lam L, Nair RJ, Tingle L. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2006.

Weber F, Lehmann-Horn F. Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis. 2002.

Walsh CR, Larson MG, Leip EP, Vasan RS, Levy D. Serum Potassium and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: The Framingham Heart Study. Arch Intern Med. 2002. 

Mililis P, Bazoukis G, Bakalakos A, Letsas KP. The J-waves of hypothermia. J Thorac Dis. 2018. 

Yilmaz S, Cakar MA, Vatan MB, Kilic H, Keser N. ECG Changes Due to Hypothermia Developed After Drowning: Case Report. Turk J Emerg Med. 2016. 

Omar HR, El-Khabiry E, Tripathi N, Mangar D, Camporesi EM. Hypothermic Osborn waves without shivering artifacts: causes and implications. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2016. 

Omar HR, Camporesi EM. The correlation between the amplitude of Osborn wave and core body temperature. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2015. 

Sentürk T, Ozbek C, Tolga D, Kazazoğlu AR. J deflections on ECG in severe hypothermia and hypokalaemia: a case report. Neth Heart J. 2013. 

Rolfast CL, Lust EJ, de Cock CC. Electrocardiographic changes in therapeutic hypothermia. Crit Care. 2012. 

Levis JT. ECG Diagnosis: Hypothermia. Perm J. 2010. 

Mareedu RK, Grandhe NP, Gangineni S, Quinn DL. Classic EKG changes of hypothermia. Clin Med Res. 2008. 

de Souza D et al. Electrocardiographic changes by accidental hypothermia in an urban and a tropical region. J Electrocardiol. 2007. 

Evertz R, Ramachandran KR, Herrman JP, van der Wieken LR. Hypothermia resulting in characteristic ECG changes mimicking an acute myocardial infarction: Osborn waves and atrial fibrillation. Neth Heart J. 2005. 

Maruyama M, Kobayashi Y, Kodani E, et al. Osborn waves: history and significance. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2004. 

Mattu A, Brady WJ, Perron AD. Electrocardiographic manifestations of hypothermia. Am J Emerg Med. 2002. 

Graham CA, McNaughton GW, Wyatt JP. The electrocardiogram in hypothermia. Wilderness Environ Med. 2001. 

Imad A. Alhaddad, et al. Osborn Waves of Hypothermia. Circulation. 2000. 

Kalla H, Yan GX, Marinchak R. Ventricular fibrillation in a patient with prominent J (Osborn) waves and ST segment elevation in the inferior electrocardiographic leads: a Brugada syndrome variant?. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2000. 

Drake CE, Flowers NC. ECG changes in hypothermia from sepsis and unrelated to exposure. Chest. 1980. 

Osborn JJ. Experimental hypothermia; respiratory and blood pH changes in relation to cardiac function. Am J Physiol. 1953. 

Basit H, Malik A, Huecker MR. Non ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. 

Acute coronary syndrome: Terminology and classification. Uptodate. 2021. 

Singh A, Museedi AS, Grossman SA. Acute Coronary Syndrome. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021.

Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Uptodate. 2021. 

Jeffers JL, Boyd KL, Parks LJ. Right Ventricular Myocardial Infarction. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020. 

Miquel Vives-Borrás et al. Electrocardiographic Distinction of Left Circumflex And Right Coronary Artery Occlusion in Patients With Inferior Acute Myocardial Infarction. The American Journal of Cardiology, 2019. 

Warner MJ, Tivakaran VS. Myocardial Infarction, Inferior. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019. 

Whalen D, Dunne C, Dubrowski A, Mohamed L, Parsons MH. Diagnosis and Management of an Inferior ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Simulation Scenario. Cureus. 2019. 

Namana V, Gupta SS, Abbasi AA, Raheja H, Shani J, Hollander G. Right ventricular infarction. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2018. 

Bouhuijzen LJ, Stoel MG. Inferior acute myocardial infarction with anterior ST-segment elevations. Neth Heart J. 2018. 

Aydin F, et al. Acute Inferior Myocardial Infarction Caused by Lightning Strike. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018. 

Roshdy HS, El-Dosouky II, Soliman MH. High-risk inferior myocardial infarction: Can speckle tracking predict proximal right coronary lesions?. Clin Cardiol. 2018. 

Liang H, Wu L, Li Y, et al. Electrocardiogram criteria of limb leads predicting right coronary artery as culprit artery in inferior wall myocardial infarction: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018. 

Eugene Braunwald, David A. Morrow. Unstable Angina. Circulation. 2013. 

Kazazi EH, Sheikhvatan M, Mahmoodian M, Fathollahi MS, Sadeghian H. Comparing angiography features of inferior versus anterior myocardial infarction regarding severity and extension in a cohort of Iranian patients. J Res Med Sci. 2011. 

Tsigkas G, Kasimis G, Theodoropoulos K, et al. A successfully thrombolysed acute inferior myocardial infarction due to type A aortic dissection with lethal consequences: the importance of early cardiac echocardiography. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011. 

Zhan Zhong-qun et al. Electrocardiographic characteristics in angiographically documented occlusion of the dominant left circumflex artery with acute inferior myocardial infarction: limitations of ST elevation III/II ratio and ST deviation in lateral limb leads. Journal of Electrocardiology, 2009. 

Niels J. Verouden, Kurdo Barwari, Karel T. Koch, José P. Henriques, Jan Baan, René J. van der Schaaf, Marije M. Vis, Renée B. van den Brink, Jan J. Piek, Jan G. Tijssen, Robbert J. de Winter, Distinguishing the right coronary artery from the left circumflex coronary artery as the infarct-related artery in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute inferior myocardial infarction, EP Europace, Volume 11, Issue 11, November 2009. 

Hein J. Wellens, The ECG in localizing the culprit lesion in acute inferior myocardial infarction: a plea for lead V4R?, EP Europace, 2009.

Naqvi MA, et al. Correlation of severity of ST segment elevation in acute inferior wall myocardial infarction with the proximity of right coronary artery disease. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2008. 

Bayés de Luna. New Heart Wall Terminology and New Electrocardiographic Classification of Q-Wave Myocardial Infarction Based on Correlations With Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Revista Española de Cardiología, 2007. 

Jim MH, On-On Chan A, Wong CP, et al. Clinical implications of precordial ST-segment elevation in acute inferoposterior myocardial infarction caused by proximal right coronary artery occlusion. Clin Cardiol. 2007. 

Bayés de Luna et al. A New Terminology for Left Ventricular Walls and Location of Myocardial Infarcts That Present Q Wave Based on the Standard of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Circulation, 2006. 

Erol MK, Kocaturk H, Gurlertop Y. Images in cardiology: Precordial ST segment elevation suggestive of anterior infarction caused by right coronary artery occlusion. Heart. 2005. 

Bayram E, Atalay C. Identification of the culprit artery involved in inferior wall acute myocardial infarction using electrocardiographic criteria. J Int Med Res. 2004. 

 Zimetbaum PJ, Josephson ME. Use of the electrocardiogram in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003. 

Masami Kosuge et al. New electrocardiographic criteria for predicting the site of coronary artery occlusion in inferior wall acute myocardial infarction. The American Journal of Cardiology, 1998. 

Antoni Bayés de Luna. Clinical Electrocardiography: A Textbook 4th Edition. 

Old or Age Indeterminate Inferior Myocardial Infarction by ECG Finding. 

Safi M, Khaheshi I, Memaryan M, Akbarzadeh MA. Q wave and ST segment elevation in inferior leads: What is the diagnosis?. J Arrhythm. 2015. 

Bogossian H, et al. Q Wave in the Inferior Leads: There Is More Than Scar. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2015. 

MacKenzie R. The challenge of inferior Q waves. J Insur Med. 2007. 

Vincent GM, et al. Diagnosis of old inferior myocardial infarction by body surface isopotential mapping. Am J Cardiol. 1977. 

BENCHIMOL A, ROBERTS MW, DIMOND EG. THE Q WAVE IN L III AND AVF OF THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM. A VECTORCARDIOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS WITH THE USE OF THE FRANK SYSTEM. Calif Med. 1964.

Basu J, Malhotra A, Styliandis V, et al. Prevalence and progression of the juvenile pattern in the electrocardiogram of adolescents. Heart 2018. 

Walsh B.M., Smith S.W. "persistent juvenile" T-wave pattern may not be persistent: Case series and literature review. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2015.

Michael Papadakis, Sandeep Basavarajaiah, John Rawlins, Carey Edwards, Jayesh Makan, Sami Firoozi, Lorna Carby, Sanjay Sharma, Prevalence and significance of T-wave inversions in predominantly Caucasian adolescent athletes, European Heart Journal, 2009.

Papadakis M et al. Prevalence and significance of T-wave inversions in predominantly Caucasian adolescent athletes. Eur Heart J. 2009. 

A R Assali, N Khamaysi, Y Birnbaum. Juvenile ECG pattern in adult black Arabs. J Electrocardiol. 1997. 

Das BB, Ray M, Mohapatra SK, Das SP. Juvenile T waves (a study of 100 normal subjects). Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1984. 

LITTMANN D. Persistence of the juvenile pattern in the precordial leads of healthy adult Negroes, with report of electrocardiographic survey on three hundred Negro and two hundred white subjects. Am Heart J. 1946. 

Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Uptodate. 2021. 

Singh A, Museedi AS, Grossman SA. Acute Coronary Syndrome. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021.

Acute coronary syndrome: Terminology and classification. Uptodate. 2021. 

Basit H, Malik A, Huecker MR. Non ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. 

Ludhwani D, Chhabra L, Gupta N. Lateral Wall Myocardial Infarction. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): 2019. 

Allencherril J et al. The significance of ST-elevation in aVL in anterolateral myocardial infarction: An assessment by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2018. 

Laszlo Littmann. South African flag sign: a teaching tool for easier ECG recognition of high lateral infarct. Am J Emerg Med. 2015. 

Eugene Braunwald, David A. Morrow. Unstable Angina. Circulation. 2013. 

Mottard N et al. Acute myocarditis mimicking lateral myocardial infarction. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2008. 

Dixon WC, Wang TY, Dai D, et al. Anatomic distribution of the culprit lesion in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: findings from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008. 

Ludhwani D, Chhabra L, Gupta N. Lateral Wall Myocardial Infarction. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls. 2019. 

Old or Age Indeterminate High Lateral Myocardial Infarction by ECG Finding. MedGen. 

Takatsu F et al. Relationship between abnormal Q waves in lead aVL and angiographic findings--a study to redefine "high lateral" infarction. Jpn Circ J. 1988. 

Gao Y, Xia L, Gong YL, Zheng DC. Electrocardiogram (ECG) patterns of left anterior fascicular block and conduction impairment in ventricular myocardium: a whole-heart model-based simulation study. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2018. 

Ding S et al. Prognostic significance of left anterior fascicular block and its relation with coronary artery disease in old patients based on 570 autopsy cases. Int J Cardiol. 2018. 

Tereshchenko L.G. Left anterior fascicular block: The need for a re-appraisal.  International Journal of Cardiology, 2018.

Nguyen KT, Vittinghoff E, Dewland TA, et al. Electrocardiographic Predictors of Incident Atrial Fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2016.

Kim BJ, Kim BI, Byun SH, Kim E, Sung SY, Jung JY. Cardiac arrest in a patient with anterior fascicular block after administration of dexmedetomidine with spinal anesthesia: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016. 

Nielsen JB, Strandberg SE, Pietersen A, Graff C, Holst AG, for the Copenhagen ECG Study. Left Anterior Fascicular Block and the Risk of Cardiovascular Outcomes. JAMA Intern Med. 2014. 

Mandyam MC, Soliman EZ, Heckbert SR, Vittinghoff E, Marcus GM. Long-term outcomes of left anterior fascicular block in the absence of overt cardiovascular disease. JAMA. 2013. 

Borys Surawicz et al. Expert Consensus Document. AHA/ACCF/HRS Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram: Part III: Intraventricular Conduction Disturbances A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology, 2009. 

Riera AR, Uchida AH, Schapachnik E, et al. The history of left septal fascicular block: chronological considerations of a reality yet to be universally accepted. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2008.

Chandrashekhar Y, Kalita HC, Anand IS. Left anterior fascicular block: an ischaemic response during treadmill testing. Br Heart J. 1991. 

Dae M, Wen YM, Botvinick EH, Scheinman M. ECG left anterior fascicular block reveals diverse patterns on scintigraphic phase analysis. Am Heart J. 1989. 

Milliken JA. Isolated and complicated left anterior fascicular block: a review of suggested electrocardiographic criteria. J Electrocardiol. 1983. 

Wyndham CR et al. Epicardial activation in human left anterior fascicular block. Am J Cardiol. 1979. 

Rossi A, et al. Left atrial dilatation in systolic heart failure: a marker of poor prognosis, not just a buffer between the left ventricle and pulmonary circulation. J Echocardiogr. 2018. 

Rusinaru D, Bohbot Y, Kowalski C, Ringle A, Maréchaux S, Tribouilloy C. Left Atrial Volume and Mortality in Patients With Aortic Stenosis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017. 

Król W, Jędrzejewska I, Konopka M, et al. Left Atrial Enlargement in Young High-Level Endurance Athletes - Another Sign of Athlete's Heart?. J Hum Kinet. 2016.

Vassiliou V, Patel H, Hayward C, et al. Left atrial dilation in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: Value of CMR Simpson method. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2016.

Pellett AA, Myers L, Welsch M, Jazwinski SM, Welsh DA. Left atrial enlargement and reduced physical function during aging. J Aging Phys Act. 2013. 

Yoon HJ, Jeong MH, Jeong Y, et al. Progressive dilation of the left atrium and ventricle after acute myocardial infarction is associated with high mortality. Korean Circ J. 2013.

Cuspidi C, et al. Association of left atrial enlargement with left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction: a tissue Doppler study in echocardiographic practice. Blood Press. 2012. 

El Maghraby A, Hajar R. Giant left atrium: a review. Heart Views. 2012. 

Milan A, et al. Left atrial enlargement in essential hypertension: role in the assessment of subclinical hypertensive heart disease. Blood Press. 2012. 

Bouzas-Mosquera A, Broullón FJ, Álvarez-García N, et al. Left atrial size and risk for all-cause mortality and ischemic stroke. CMAJ. 2011. 

Boyd AC, et al. Left atrial enlargement and phasic function in patients following non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010. 

Katayama T, et al. Factors contributing to left atrial enlargement in adults with normal left ventricular systolic function. J Cardiol. 2010. 

Wierzbowska-Drabik K, et al. Enlarged left atrium is a simple and strong predictor of poor prognosis in patients after myocardial infarction. Echocardiography. 2008. 

Movahed MR, Saito Y. Obesity is associated with left atrial enlargement, E/A reversal and left ventricular hypertrophy. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2008. 

Burchfiel CM, et al. Left atrial dimension and risk of systemic embolism in patients with a prosthetic heart valve. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on Valvular Heart Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990. 

Chirife R, Feitosa GS, Frankl WS. Electrocardiographic detection of left atrial enlargement. Correlation of P wave with left atrial dimension by echocardiography. Br Heart J. 1975.

James O'Keefe et al. The Complete Guide to ECGs: A Comprehensive Study Guide to Improve ECG Interpretation Skills. 5th Edition. 

Kashou AH, Basit H, Chhabra L. Electrical Axis Normal, Right Axis Deviation, and Left Axis Deviation. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): 2019.

Paudyal A, Bhattarai, et al. Left axis deviation in electrocardiogram with normal QRS duration in ambulatory adults without cardiac symptoms: a possible marker of glucose intolerance. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2013.

Sakurai M, Watanabe Y, et al. Left axis deviation investigated by body surface mapping and phase image analysis. J Cardiogr. 1986.

Scherbak D, Hicks GJ. Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): 2019. 

Emerek K et al. The Association of a classical left bundle Branch Block Contraction Pattern by vendor-independent strain echocardiography and outcome after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2019.

Smiseth OA, Aalen JM. Mechanism of harm from left bundle branch block.Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2019. 

Jonathan Ilicki et al. Sgarbossa criteria used to identify cardiac ischemia in patient with ventricular paced rhythm. Journal of Electrocardiology, 2018. 

Vasheghani-Farahani A, Tajdini M, Mohsenizadeh SA, Hosseini SM. Reversible left bundle branch block should be mentioned in cardiac resynchronization therapy; A clinical case report. ARYA Atheroscler. 2016. 

Risum N et al. Identification of Typical Left Bundle Branch Block Contraction by Strain Echocardiography Is Additive to Electrocardiography in Prediction of Long-Term Outcome After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2015. 

Meyers HP et al. Validation of the modified Sgarbossa criteria for acute coronary occlusion in the setting of left bundle branch block: A retrospective case-control study. Am Heart J. 2015. 

Ten Cate TJ, Kelder JC, Plokker HW, Verzijlbergen JF, van Hemel NM. Patients with left bundle branch block pattern and high cardiac risk myocardial SPECT: does the current management suffice?. Neth Heart J. 2013. 

Nikoo MH, Aslani A, Jorat MV. LBBB: State-of-the-Art Criteria. Int Cardiovasc Res J. 2013. 

Smith S.W., Dodd K.W., Henry T.D., Dvorak D.M., Pearce L.A. Diagnosis of ST-elevation myocardial infarction in the presence of left bundle branch block with the ST-elevation to S-wave ratio in a modified sgarbossa rule. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2012. 

Breithardt G, Breithardt OA. Left bundle branch block, an old-new entity. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2012. 

Breithardt G, Breithardt OA. Left bundle branch block, an old-new entity. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2012. 

Neeland IJ, Kontos MC, de Lemos JA. Evolving considerations in the management of patients with left bundle branch block and suspected myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012. 

Chang AM et al. Lack of association between left bundle-branch block and acute myocardial infarction in symptomatic ED patients. Am J Emerg Med. 2009. 

Francia P, Balla C, Paneni F, Volpe M. Left bundle-branch block--pathophysiology, prognosis, and clinical management. Clin Cardiol. 2007.

Pizzo VR, Beer I, de Cleva R, Zilberstein B. Intermittent left bundle branch block (LBBB) as a clinical manifestation of myocardial contusion after blunt chest trauma. Emerg Med J. 2005. 

Elena B. Sgarbossa et al. Electrocardiographic Diagnosis of Evolving Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Presence of Left Bundle-Branch Block. N Engl J Med 1996. 

Borys Surawicz et al. Expert Consensus Document. AHA/ACCF/HRS Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram: Part III: Intraventricular Conduction Disturbances A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology, 2009. 

Andrés RicardoPérez-Riera et al. Left posterior fascicular block, state-of-the-art review: A 2018 update. Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology, 2018.

Borys Surawicz et al. Expert Consensus Document. AHA/ACCF/HRS Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram: Part III: Intraventricular Conduction Disturbances A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology, 2009.

Singla A, Denmeade SR. Left posterior fascicular block due to high-dose interleukin-2. Ann Pharmacother. 2008. 

Ma FS et al. Left posterior fascicular block: a new endpoint of ablation for verapamil-sensitive idiopathic ventricular tachycardia. Chin Med J (Engl). 2006. 

Madias JE, Knez P. Transient left posterior hemiblock during myocardial ischemia-eliciting exercise treadmill testing: a report of a case and a critical analysis of the literature. J Electrocardiol. 1999. 

J.E. Madias, P. Knez. Transient left posterior hemiblock during myocardial ischemia—eliciting exercise treadmill testing: A report of a case and a critical analysis of the literature. Journal of Electrocardiology, 1999. 

Godat FJ, Gertsch M. Isolated left posterior fascicular block: a reliable marker for inferior myocardial infarction and associated severe coronary artery disease. Clin Cardiol. 1993. 

Campbell W.H. Left posterior fascicular block. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 1985.

Lewin RF et al. Right axis deviation in acute myocardial infarction. Clinical significance, hospital evolution, and long-term follow-up. Chest. 1984. 

Demoulin J.-C., Kulbertus H.E. Histopathologic correlates of left posterior fascicular block. The American Journal of Cardiology, 1979. 

Porthan K, et al. ECG left ventricular hypertrophy as a risk predictor of sudden cardiac death. Int J Cardiol. 2019. 

van Kleef MEAM, et al. Four ECG left ventricular hypertrophy criteria and the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with vascular disease. J Hypertens. 2018. 

Laszlo R, et al. Accuracy of ECG indices for diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy in people >65 years: results from the ActiFE study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2017. 

Burgos PF, Luna Filho B, Costa FA, et al. Electrocardiogram Performance in the Diagnosis of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hypertensive Patients With Left Bundle Branch Block. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017. 

Muiesan ML, et al. Obesity and ECG left ventricular hypertrophy. J Hypertens. 2017. 

Sklyar E, Ginelli P, Barton A, Peralta R, Bella JN. Validity of electrocardiographic criteria for increased left ventricular mass in young patients in the general population. World J Cardiol. 2017. 

Peguero JG, Lo Presti S, et al. Electrocardiographic Criteria for the Diagnosis of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017. 

Su FY, Li YH, Lin YP, et al. A comparison of Cornell and Sokolow-Lyon electrocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy in a military male population in Taiwan: the Cardiorespiratory fitness and HospItalization Events in armed Forces study. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2017. 

Di Gioia G, Creta A, Campanale CM, et al. ECG is an inefficient screening-tool for left ventricular hypertrophy in normotensive African children population. PeerJ. 2016. 

Ramaswamy PK, Bhanukumar M, Hathur B, Shashidhara KC, Srinath KM. Factors Contributing to Development and Reversal of LVH: A Pilot Study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016. 

Aro AL, Chugh SS. Clinical Diagnosis of Electrical Versus Anatomic Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2016. 

Porthan K, et al. ECG left ventricular hypertrophy is a stronger risk factor for incident cardiovascular events in women than in men in the general population. J Hypertens. 2015. 

Bacharova L, Schocken D, Estes EH, Strauss D. The role of ECG in the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2014. 

Ogunlade O, Akintomide AO. Assessment of voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy in adult hypertensives in south-western Nigeria. J Cardiovasc Dis Res. 2013. 

Gosse P, et al. ECG detection of left ventricular hypertrophy: the simpler, the better? J Hypertens. 2012. 

Calderón A, et al. Detection of left ventricular hypertrophy by different electrocardiographic criteria in clinical practice. Findings from the Sara study. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2010. 

Hanna EB, Glancy DL, Oral E. Sensitivity and specificity of frequently used electrocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with anterior wall myocardial infarction. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2010. 

Casale PN et al. Improved sex-specific criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy for clinical and computer interpretation of electrocardiograms: validation with autopsy findings. Circulation. 1987. 

Sokolow M.D., Lyon M.D. The ventricular complex in left ventricular hypertrophy as obtained by unipolar precordial and limb leads. American Heart Journal. 1949. 

James O'Keefe et al. The Complete Guide to ECGs: A Comprehensive Study Guide to Improve ECG Interpretation Skills. 5th Edition. 

Hunter J, Tsounias E, Cogan J, Young ML. A Case of Lown-Ganong-Levine Syndrome: Due to an Accessory Pathway of James Fibers or Enhanced Atrioventricular Nodal Conduction (EAVNC)?. Am J Case Rep. 2018. 

Lown-Ganong-Levine Syndrome. Book - Cardiovascular Pathology (Fourth Edition), 2016. 

Sharma MK, Misra S. Anaesthetic management of a patient with Lown Ganong Levine syndrome-a case report. Med J Armed Forces India. 2011. 

R. OMETTO, G. THIENE, D. CORRADO, M. VINCENZI, L. ROSSI, Enhanced A-V nodal conduction (Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome) by congenitally hypoplastic A-V node, European Heart Journal, 1992. 

Hayano M, et al. Supraventricular tachycardia in a patient with Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome associated with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Jpn Heart J. 1988. 

D. E. WARD, R. BEXTON, A. J. CAMM, Characteristics of atrio-His conduction in the short PR interval, normal QRS complex syndrome: Evidence for enhanced slow-pathway conduction, European Heart Journal, 1983. 

Lev M, Fox SM 3rd, Bharati S, Greenfield JC Jr, Rosen KM, Pick A. Mahaim and James fibers as a basis for a unique variety of ventricular preexcitation. Am J Cardiol. 1975.

BERNARD LOWN , WILLIAM F. GANONG , and SAMUEL A. LEVINE. The Syndrome of Short P-R Interval Normal QRS Complex and Paroxysmal Rapid Heart Action. Circulation. 1952. 

Cheng Z, Zhu K, Tian Z, Zhao D, Cui Q, Fang Q. The findings of electrocardiography in patients with cardiac amyloidosis. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2013.

Jason S.Chinitz, Joshua M. Cooper, Ralph J.Verdino. Electrocardiogram voltage discordance: interpretation of low QRS voltage only in the limb leads. Journal of Electrocardiology. 2008.

Glancy DL, Newman WP. Atrial fibrillation with QRS voltage low in the limb leads and high in the precordial leads. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2008.

Chinitz JS, Cooper JM, Verdino RJ. Electrocardiogram voltage discordance: interpretation of low QRS voltage only in the limb leads. J Electrocardiol. 2008.

Ang KP, Nordin RB, Lee SCY, Lee CY, Lu HT. Diagnostic value of electrocardiogram in cardiac tamponade. Med J Malaysia. 2019.

Roberts WC, Sherwood MJ, Grayburn PA. Two causes in one patient for extremely low voltage on the electrocardiogram. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2017.

Szewieczek J, Gąsior Z, Duława J, et al. ECG low QRS voltage and wide QRS complex predictive of centenarian 360-day mortality. Age (Dordr). 2016.

Lee JM, Seo SM, Seo MJ, et al. A case of reversible very low voltage electrocardiogram in fulminant myocarditis. Korean Circ J. 2013. 

Florim Cuculi, Peiman Jamshidi, Richard Kobza, Martin Rohacek, Paul Erne. Precordial low voltage in patients with ascites, EP Europace, 2008.

Custer AM, Lappin SL. Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT). StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): 2019.

ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia. The Task Force for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC): Developed in collaboration with the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). 2019. 

Oner T, et al. Multifocal atrial tachycardia caused by risperidone. Int J Cardiol. 2016. 

Yokoshiki H, et al. Swallowing-induced multifocal atrial tachycardia originating from right pulmonary veins. J Electrocardiol. 2011. 

Kim LK, Lee CS, Jeun JG. Development of multifocal atrial tachycardia in a patient using aminophylline -A case report-. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2010. 

Kothari SA, Apiyasawat S, Asad N, Spodick DH. Evidence supporting a new rate threshold for multifocal atrial tachycardia. Clin Cardiol. 2005. 

Pierce WJ, McGroary K. Multifocal atrial tachycardia and Ibutilide. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2001. 

Kouvaras G, et al. The effective treatment of multifocal atrial tachycardia with amiodarone. Jpn Heart J. 1989. 

Scher DL, Arsura EL. Multifocal atrial tachycardia: mechanisms, clinical correlates, and treatment. Am Heart J. 1989. 

James O'Keefe et al. The Complete Guide to ECGs: A Comprehensive Study Guide to Improve ECG Interpretation Skills. 5th Edition. 

Lee JH, Park JJ, Cho Y, et al. Prognostic Implication of Ventricular Conduction Disturbance Pattern in Hospitalized Patients with Acute Heart Failure Syndrome. Korean Circ J. 2019. 

Kim KH. Ventricular Conduction Disturbance in Acute Heart Failure Syndrome: Does It Matter for Prognosis?. Korean Circ J. 2019. 

Audrey Uy-Evanado et al. Non-Specific Intraventricular Conduction Delay and Risk of Sudden Death. 2018.

Tolppanen H, Siirila-Waris K, Harjola VP, et al. Ventricular conduction abnormalities as predictors of long-term survival in acute de novo and decompensated chronic heart failure. ESC Heart Fail. 2016. 

Hayashi H, Wu Q, Horie M. Association between Progressive Intraventricular Conduction Disturbance and Cardiovascular Events. PLoS One. 2016. 

Monin J et al. Prevalence of Intraventricular Conduction Disturbances in a Large French Population. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2016. 

Haataja P et al. Prognostic implications of intraventricular conduction delays in a general population: the Health 2000 Survey. Ann Med. 2015. 

Aapo L. Aro et al. Intraventricular Conduction Delay in a Standard 12-Lead Electrocardiogram as a Predictor of Mortality in the General Population. 2011. 

Borys Surawicz et al. Expert Consensus Document. AHA/ACCF/HRS Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram: Part III: Intraventricular Conduction Disturbances A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology, 2009.

Wang NC, Maggioni AP, Konstam MA, et al. Clinical Implications of QRS Duration in Patients Hospitalized With Worsening Heart Failure and Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction. JAMA. 2008. 

Palhares DMF, Marcolino MS, Santos TMM, et al. Normal limits of the electrocardiogram derived from a large database of Brazilian primary care patients. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2017.

Yang XL, Liu GZ, Tong YH, et al. The history, hotspots, and trends of electrocardiogram. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2015.

Meek S, Morris F. ABC of clinical electrocardiography. Introduction. I-Leads, rate, rhythm, and cardiac axis. BMJ. 2002.

Meek S, Morris F. Introduction. II--basic terminology. BMJ. 2002. 

Willner DA, Kiel J. Pericardial Effusion. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019. 

Stashko E, Meer JM. Cardiac Tamponade. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019. 

Pérez-Casares A, Cesar S, Brunet-Garcia L, Sanchez-de-Toledo J. Echocardiographic Evaluation of Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade. Front Pediatr. 2017. 

Vakamudi S, et al. Pericardial Effusions: Causes, Diagnosis, and Management. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2017. 

Argula RG, Negi SI, Banchs J, Yusuf SW. Role of a 12-lead electrocardiogram in the diagnosis of cardiac tamponade as diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography in patients with malignant pericardial effusion. Clin Cardiol. 2015. 

Chang S, Maharaj S. Brief Images: Massive pericardial effusion. Images Paediatr Cardiol. 2014. 

Goodman A, Perera P, Mailhot T, Mandavia D. The role of bedside ultrasound in the diagnosis of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2012. 

Jung HO. Pericardial effusion and pericardiocentesis: role of echocardiography. Korean Circ J. 2012. 

Sagristà-Sauleda J, Mercé AS, Soler-Soler J. Diagnosis and management of pericardial effusion. World J Cardiol. 2011. 

Khandaker MH, Espinosa RE, Nishimura RA, et al. Pericardial disease: diagnosis and management. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010. 

Kabukcu M, Demircioglu F, Yanik E, Basarici I, Ersel F. Pericardial tamponade and large pericardial effusions: causal factors and efficacy of percutaneous catheter drainage in 50 patients. Tex Heart Inst J. 2004. 

Lee CH, Chan GS, Chan WM. Unexplained recurrent pericardial effusion: a lethal warning?. Heart. 2003.

Elyse Foster. Pericardial effusion: a continuing drain on our diagnostic acumen. American Journal of Medicine. 2000. 

Palacios IF. Pericardial Effusion and Tamponade. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 1999. 

Meyers DG, et al. Electrocardiographic changes in pericardial effusion. Chest. 1993. 

Parameswaran R, Maniet AR, Goldberg SE, Goldberg H. Low electrocardiographic voltage in pericardial effusion. Chest. 1984. 

Dababneh E, Siddique MS. Pericarditis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): 2019.

Ghosh AK, Crake T, Manisty C, Westwood M. Pericardial Disease in Cancer Patients. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2018.

Sucu M, Altunbas G, Coskun FY. Typical pericarditis ECG findings after falling from height. The PR segment depression or ST segment elevation?. Turk J Emerg Med. 2017.

Awan A, Tiruneh F, Wessly P, et al. Acute Pericarditis: Descriptive Study and Etiology Determination in a Predominantly African American Population. Cureus. 2017.

Monti M. et al. Pericarditis mimicking Brugada syndrome. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2017.

The 2015 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases. European Heart Journal, 2015.

Chaubey VK, Chhabra L. Spodick's sign: a helpful electrocardiographic clue to the diagnosis of acute pericarditis. Perm J. 2014.

Masek KP, Levis JT. ECG diagnosis: acute pericarditis. Perm J. 2013.

Sharif N, Dehghani P. Emergency files: acute pericarditis, myocarditis, and worse!. Can Fam Physician. 2013.

Kim JB, Park NH, Choi SY, Kim H. Transient constrictive pericarditis after coronary bypass surgery. Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011. 

O'Leary SM, Williams PL, Williams MP, et al. Imaging the pericardium: appearances on ECG-gated 64-detector row cardiac computed tomography. Br J Radiol. 2010.

Khandaker MH, Espinosa RE, Nishimura RA, et al. Pericardial disease: diagnosis and management. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010.

Rathore S, Dodds PA. Diagnosing chest pain: characteristic ECG changes in acute pericarditis. Heart. 2007.

Indik JH, Alpert JS. Post-Myocardial Infarction Pericarditis. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2000.

Smith DR. Pericarditis following blunt thoracic trauma. Ala Med. 1995.

2022 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Evaluation and Disposition of Acute Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. 

Babken Asatryan, Lukas Vaisnora, Negar Manavifar. Electrocardiographic Diagnosis of Life-Threatening STEMI Equivalents. J Am Coll Cardiol Case Rep. 2019. 

Shemirani H, Nayeri-Torshizi E. Electrocardiographic characteristics of posterior myocardial infarction in comparison to angiographic findings. ARYA Atheroscler. 2015. 

Levis JT. ECG Diagnosis: Isolated Posterior Wall Myocardial Infarction. Perm J. 2015. 

Khan JN, et al. Posterior myocardial infarction: are we failing to diagnose this? Emerg Med J. 2012. 

Neill J, Owens C, Harbinson M, Adgey J. Early detection of acute posterior myocardial infarction using body surface mapping and SPECT scanning. Coron Artery Dis. 2010. 

van Gorselen EO, Verheugt FW, Meursing BT, Oude Ophuis AJ. Posterior myocardial infarction: the dark side of the moon. Neth Heart J. 2007. 

Chu G, Zhang GB, Wen QZ, Sun BG. Electrocardiographic and angiographic characteristics of patients with acute solitary posterior myocardial infarction. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. 2007. 

Bayés de Luna. New Heart Wall Terminology and New Electrocardiographic Classification of Q-Wave Myocardial Infarction Based on Correlations With Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Revista Española de Cardiología, 2007. 

Bayés de Luna et al. A New Terminology for Left Ventricular Walls and Location of Myocardial Infarcts That Present Q Wave Based on the Standard of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Circulation, 2006. 

Brown L, Sims J, Conforto A. Posterior myocardial infarction with isolated ST elevations in V8 and V9: Is this an "ST elevation MI"? CJEM. 2003. 

Brady WJ. Acute posterior wall myocardial infarction: electrocardiographic manifestations. Am J Emerg Med. 1998. 

Boden WE, et al. Electrocardiographic evolution of posterior acute myocardial infarction: importance of early precordial ST-segment depression. Am J Cardiol. 1987. 

2022 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Evaluation and Disposition of Acute Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. 

Babken Asatryan, Lukas Vaisnora, Negar Manavifar. Electrocardiographic Diagnosis of Life-Threatening STEMI Equivalents. J Am Coll Cardiol Case Rep. 2019. 

Shemirani H, Nayeri-Torshizi E. Electrocardiographic characteristics of posterior myocardial infarction in comparison to angiographic findings. ARYA Atheroscler. 2015. 

Levis JT. ECG Diagnosis: Isolated Posterior Wall Myocardial Infarction. Perm J. 2015. 

Khan JN, et al. Posterior myocardial infarction: are we failing to diagnose this? Emerg Med J. 2012. 

Neill J, Owens C, Harbinson M, Adgey J. Early detection of acute posterior myocardial infarction using body surface mapping and SPECT scanning. Coron Artery Dis. 2010. 

Bayés de Luna. New Heart Wall Terminology and New Electrocardiographic Classification of Q-Wave Myocardial Infarction Based on Correlations With Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Revista Española de Cardiología, 2007. 

van Gorselen EO, Verheugt FW, Meursing BT, Oude Ophuis AJ. Posterior myocardial infarction: the dark side of the moon. Neth Heart J. 2007. 

Chu G, Zhang GB, Wen QZ, Sun BG. Electrocardiographic and angiographic characteristics of patients with acute solitary posterior myocardial infarction. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. 2007. 

Bayés de Luna et al. A New Terminology for Left Ventricular Walls and Location of Myocardial Infarcts That Present Q Wave Based on the Standard of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Circulation, 2006. 

Brown L, Sims J, Conforto A. Posterior myocardial infarction with isolated ST elevations in V8 and V9: Is this an "ST elevation MI"? CJEM. 2003. 

Brady WJ. Acute posterior wall myocardial infarction: electrocardiographic manifestations. Am J Emerg Med. 1998. 

Boden WE, et al. Electrocardiographic evolution of posterior acute myocardial infarction: importance of early precordial ST-segment depression. Am J Cardiol. 1987. 

Old or Age Indeterminate Posterior Myocardial Infarction by ECG Finding. 

Zakopoulos K.S., Tsatas A.T. Old "strictly posterior" myocardial infarction. Diseases of the chest. 1966

OTTO NEURATH, STEPHEN R.ELEK. Recent and Old Posterior Wall Myocardial Infarction. Diseases of the Chest. 1961. 

JOSEPH K. PERLOFF. The Recognition of Strictly Posterior Myocardial Infarction by Conventional Scalar Electrocardiography. Circulation. 1964. 

Gunda S, et al. Consequences of chronic frequent premature atrial contractions: Association with cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac structural changes. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2019. 

Jelle C L Himmelreich, Wim A M Lucassen, Martijn Heugen, Patrick M M Bossuyt, Hanno L Tan, Ralf E Harskamp, Faridi S van Etten-Jamaludin, Henk C P M van Weert, Frequent premature atrial contractions are associated with atrial fibrillation, brain ischaemia, and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis, EP Europace, 2019. 

Ribeiro WN, Yamada AT, Grupi CJ, da Silva GT, Mansur AJ. Premature atrial and ventricular complexes in outpatients referred from a primary care facility. PLoS One. 2018. 

Prasitlumkum N, et al. Frequent premature atrial complexes as a predictor of atrial fibrillation: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Electrocardiol. 2018. 

Huang BT, Huang FY, Peng Y, et al. Relation of premature atrial complexes with stroke and death: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Cardiol. 2017. 

Hongliang Y, Ming Y, Qini Z, et al. A confused ECG with multiple rhythms caused by atrial premature contractions: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017. 

O'Neal WT, Kamel H, Kleindorfer D, et al. Premature Atrial Contractions on the Screening Electrocardiogram and Risk of Ischemic Stroke: The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study. Neuroepidemiology. 2016. 

Bjørn Strøier Larsen, Preman Kumarathurai, Olav W. Nielsen, Ahmad Sajadieh, The circadian variation of premature atrial contractions, EP Europace, 2016. 

Lin CY, Lin YJ, Chen YY, et al. Prognostic Significance of Premature Atrial Complexes Burden in Prediction of Long-Term Outcome. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015. 

Linz D, et al. Obstructive respiratory events and premature atrial contractions after cardioversion. Eur Respir J. 2015. 

Celal Akdeniz, et al. Blocked Atrial Bigeminy Presenting with Bradycardia. Congenital Heart Disease, 2012. 

Boon-Hor Chong, Vincent Pong, Kwok-Fai Lam, Shasha Liu, Ming-Liang Zuo, Yuk-Fai Lau, Chu-Pak Lau, Hung-Fat Tse, Chung-Wah Siu, Frequent premature atrial complexes predict new occurrence of atrial fibrillation and adverse cardiovascular events, EP Europace, 2012. 

Digklia, Antonia, & Ioannis A Voutsadakis. "Atrial Bigeminy Associated With Hypothyroidism: A Case Report." Journal of Medical Cases [Online], 2011.

C. GAUDIO, et al. A case of non-conducted atrial bigeminy simulating a second-degree atrioventricular block. A Holter ECG diagnosis. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 2004. 

James O'Keefe et al. The Complete Guide to ECGs: A Comprehensive Study Guide to Improve ECG Interpretation Skills. 5th Edition. 

Gabrielle Crépeau-Gendron et al. Association between citalopram, escitalopram and QTc prolongation in a real-world geriatric setting. Journal of Affective Disorders. Volume 250, 1 May 2019. 

Sethi P, Treece J, Pai V, Onweni C. Long QT Syndrome Unveiled by a Fatal Combination of Medications and Electrolyte Abnormalities. Cureus. 2017. 

Li M, Ramos LG. Drug-Induced QT Prolongation And Torsades de Pointes. P T. 2017. 

Amin AS, Wilde AA. Genetic screening in acquired long QT syndrome? CAUTION: proceed carefully. Eur Heart J. 2016. 

Gomez AT, Prutkin JM, Rao AL. Evaluation and Management of Athletes With Long QT Syndrome. Sports Health. 2016. 

Postema PG, Wilde AA. The measurement of the QT interval. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2014. 

Haiyan Huang, et al. Diet-induced obesity causes long QT and reduces transcription of voltage-gated potassium channels. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 2013. 

Moskovitz JB, Hayes BD, Martinez JP, Mattu A, Brady WJ. Electrocardiographic implications of the prolonged QT interval. Am J Emerg Med. 2013. 

Hasnain M, Howland RH, Vieweg WV. Escitalopram and QTc prolongation. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2013. 

Nachimuthu S, Assar MD, Schussler JM. Drug-induced QT interval prolongation: mechanisms and clinical management. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2012. 

Schwartz PJ, Stramba-Badiale M, Crotti L, et al. Prevalence of the congenital long-QT syndrome. Circulation. 2009. 

Johnson JN, Ackerman MJ. QTc: how long is too long?. Br J Sports Med. 2009. 

Shah M, Carter C. Long QT syndrome: A therapeutic challenge. Ann Pediatr Cardiol. 2008. 

Lehmann, M. H., Suzuki, F., et al. T wave "humps" as a potential electrocardiographic marker of the long QT syndrome. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 1994.

Ker J. The Double U Wave-Should the Electrocardiogram be Interpreted Echocardiographically?. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2010. 

Hopenfeld B, Ashikaga H. Origin of the electrocardiographic U wave: effects of M cells and dynamic gap junction coupling. Ann Biomed Eng. 2010. 

Ker J. The U wave and papillary muscle variants: revisiting an old association. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2009. 

Hiroshi Morita, Douglas P. Zipes, Shiho T. Morita, Jiashin Wu, Mechanism of U wave and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in a canine tissue model of Andersen–Tawil syndrome, Cardiovascular Research. 2007. 

Girish MP, Gupta MD, Mukhopadhyay S, Yusuf J, Sunil Roy TN, Trehan V. U wave: an important noninvasive electrocardiographic diagnostic marker. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2005. 

Hefer D, et al. Prominent positive U waves appearing with high-dose intravenous phenylephrine. J Electrocardiol. 2005. 

Viskin S, Zelster D, Antzelevitch C. When u say "U Waves," what do u mean?. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2004. 

Ritsema van Eck HJ, Kors JA, van Herpen G. The elusive U wave: a simple explanation of its genesis. J Electrocardiol. 2003. 

Chan GK, Drew BJ, Ide B. What life threatening complication of hyperthyroidism results in prominent U waves on the EKG? Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 2000. 

Chikamori T, et al. Diagnostic significance of an exercise-induced prominent U wave in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1996. 

Kishida H, et al. Prominent negative U wave in variant angina pectoris. Jpn Heart J. 1985. 

Thomson D, et al. ECG in suspected pulmonary embolism. Postgrad Med J. 2019. 

Grant-Orser A, Ballantyne B, Haddara W. Unique ECG Findings in Acute Pulmonary Embolism: STE with Reciprocal Changes and Pathologic Q Wave. Case Rep Crit Care. 2018. 

Morrone D, Morrone V. Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Focus on the Clinical Picture [published correction appears in Korean Circ J. 2018 Jul;48(7):661-663]. Korean Circ J. 2018. 

F. Defina, et al. The role of electrocardiography findings in establishing pulmonary embolism as a consequence of deep vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis patient: a general hospital experience. Case Reports, European Heart Journal Supplements. 2017.  

Corrigan D, Prucnal C, Kabrhel C. Pulmonary embolism: the diagnosis, risk-stratification, treatment and disposition of emergency department patients. Clin Exp Emerg Med. 2016. 

Boey E, Teo SG, Poh KK. Electrocardiographic findings in pulmonary embolism. Singapore Med J. 2015. 

Shopp JD, Stewart LK, Emmett TW, Kline JA. Findings From 12-lead Electrocardiography That Predict Circulatory Shock From Pulmonary Embolism: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2015. 

Bĕlohlávek J, Dytrych V, Linhart A. Pulmonary embolism, part I: Epidemiology, risk factors and risk stratification, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2013. 

Shahani L. S1Q3T3 pattern leading to early diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. BMJ Case Rep. 2012. 

Levis JT. ECG Diagnosis: Pulmonary Embolism. Perm J. 2011. 

Todd K, Simpson CS, Redfearn DP, Abdollah H, Baranchuk A. ECG for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism when conventional imaging cannot be utilized: a case report and review of the literature. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2009. 

Masami Kosuge, et al. Electrocardiographic Differentiation Between Acute Pulmonary Embolism and Acute Coronary Syndromes on the Basis of Negative T Waves. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2007.

Cheng AS, Money-Kyrle A. Instructive ECG series in massive bilateral pulmonary embolism. Heart. 2005. 

Ullman E, et al. Electrocardiographic manifestations of pulmonary embolism. Am J Emerg Med. 2001. 

Rio PP, Hariawan H, Anggrahini DW, Hartopo AB, Dinarti LK. The Accuracy of Combined Electrocardiogram Criteria to Diagnose Right Atrial Enlargement in Adults With Uncorrected Secundum Atrial Septal Defect. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2019.

D'Ascenzi F., Anselmi F., Focardi M., Mondillo S. Atrial Enlargement in the Athlete's Heart: Assessment of Atrial Function May Help Distinguish Adaptive from Pathologic Remodeling. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 2018.

Allison JD, Macedo FY, Hamzeh IR, Birnbaum Y. Correlation of right atrial enlargement on ECG to right atrial volume by echocardiography in patients with pulmonary hypertension. J Electrocardiol. 2017. 

Petersson R, et al. P-wave morphology is unaffected by atrial size: a study in healthy athletes. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2014. 

Sethi T, Singh AP, Singla V, Singh Y. Biatrial enlargement: an unusual cause of massive cardiomegaly. BMJ Case Rep. 2013. 

Tsao CW, Josephson ME, Hauser TH, et al. Accuracy of electrocardiographic criteria for atrial enlargement: validation with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2008. 

Harrigan RA, Jones K. ABC of clinical electrocardiography. Conditions affecting the right side of the heart. BMJ. 2002. 

James O'Keefe et al. The Complete Guide to ECGs: A Comprehensive Study Guide to Improve ECG Interpretation Skills. 5th Edition. 

Kashou AH, Basit H, Chhabra L. Electrical Axis Normal, Right Axis Deviation, and Left Axis Deviation. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): 2019.

Wang Q, Pan S, Liu F, Yang D, Wang JK. Extreme Right Axis Deviation in Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Hazardous Signal of Poor Prognosis. Am J Case Rep. 2018. 

Hasegawa K, Takaya T, et al. Transient Ischemic Right Axis Deviation Tendency of the Frontal Plane QRS Axis in a Case of Inferior Myocardial Ischemia. Int Heart J. 2016.

Fuqiang Liu et al. Severe right axis deviation during acute myocardial infarction. International Journal of Cardiology, 2014.

Lorber A, Maisuls E, Naschitz J. Hereditary right axis deviation: electrocardiographic pattern of pseudo left posterior hemiblock and incomplete right bundle branch block. Int J Cardiol. 1988.

Sclarovsky S, Sagie A, Strasberg B, Lewin RF, Rehavia E, Agmon J. Transient right axis deviation during acute anterior wall infarction or ischemia: electrocardiographic and angiographic correlation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986.

Lewin RF, Sclarovsky S, Strasberg B, Arditti A, Erdberg A, Agmon J. Right axis deviation in acute myocardial infarction. Clinical significance, hospital evolution, and long-term follow-up. Chest. 1984.

Harkness WT, Hicks M. Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): 2019. 

Ruhela M, Khandelwal G, Gupta S, Bansal A. Acute right bundle branch block due to pneumothorax. J Family Med Prim Care. 2018. 

Pastore G, Morani G, et al. Patients with right bundle branch block and concomitant delayed left ventricular activation respond to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Europace. 2018.

Pozen JM, Mankad AK, Owens JT, Jovin IS. New Right Bundle Branch Block as a Criterion for Emergent Coronary Angiography. N Am J Med Sci. 2015. 

Gilliot G, Monney P, Muller O, Hugli O. Significance of an isolated new right bundle branch block in a patient with chest pain. BMJ Case Rep. 2015. 

Bussink BE, Holst AG, et al. Right bundle branch block: prevalence, risk factors, and outcome in the general population: results from the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Eur Heart J. 2013.

Widimsky P, Rohác F, Stásek J, et al. Primary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction with right bundle branch block: should new onset right bundle branch block be added to future guidelines as an indication for reperfusion therapy?. Eur Heart J. 2012. 

Parsa AF, Haghighi L. Right bundle branch block is not a predictor of coronary artery disease. Acta Med Iran. 2012.

Ker J. Structural causes of right bundle branch block-time for a closer look?. Open Cardiovasc Med J. 2010.

Marcus GM, Hoang KL, Hunt SA, Chun SH, Lee BK. Prevalence, patterns of development, and prognosis of right bundle branch block in heart transplant recipients. Am J Cardiol. 2006.

Lerecouvreux M, Perrier E, et al. Right bundle branch block: electrocardiographic and prognostic features. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 2005.

Scheffer M, Tanis GJ, van Mechelen R. Normalisation of the ECG in a patient with right bundle branch block by cardiac pacing. Neth Heart J. 2005.

Tomoda H, Aoki N. Right bundle branch block in acute myocardial infarction treated by primary coronary angioplasty and stenting. Angiology. 2005.

van Dijk GP, van der Kooi E, et al. High prevalence of incomplete right bundle branch block in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy without cardiac symptoms. Funct Neurol. 2014. 

Draeger HT, Assassi S, Sharif R, et al. Right bundle branch block: a predictor of mortality in early systemic sclerosis. 2014.

Stankovic I., Vlahovic-Stipac A., Putnikovic B., Neskovic A.N.. Distinguishing incomplete right bundle branch block in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy from normal variants: A potential role of Fontaine leads and Holter monitoring? International Journal of Cardiology. 2012.

Javed M. Nasir, Anand Shah, Samuel Jones. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF INCOMPLETE AND COMPLETE RIGHT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCKS IN YOUNG ADULTS. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2012. 

Jonas Bille Nielsen, Morten Salling Olesen, et al. Incomplete right bundle branch block: a novel electrocardiographic marker for lone atrial fibrillation. EP Europace, 2011. 

Brembilla-Perrot B, Beurrier D, et al. Incomplete bundle-branch block and ST-segment elevation: syndrome associated with sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in patients with apparently normal heart. Clin Cardiol. 1997. 

Youlian Liao et al. Characteristics and prognosis of incomplete right bundle branch block: An epidemiologic study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 1986.

Sung R.J., Tamer D.M., Agha A.S., Castellanos A., Myerburg R.J., Gelband H. Etiology of the electrocardiographic pattern of "incomplete right bundle branch block" in atrial septal defect: An electrophysiologic study. The Journal of Pediatrics. 1975.

E. Neil Moore et al. Incomplete Right Bundle-Branch Block An Electrocardiographic Enigma and Possible Misnomer. Circulation, 1971. 

Bhattacharya PT, Sharma S. Right Ventricular Hypertrophy. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): 2019. 

Nikus K, et al. Electrocardiographic recognition of right ventricular hypertrophy. J Electrocardiol. 2018. 

Chen C, Liu J, Liu Z, et al. Electrocardiogram signs of right ventricular hypertrophy may help identify pulmonary hypertension in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2018. 

Guo X, Fan C, Tian L, et al. The clinical features, outcomes and genetic characteristics of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with severe right ventricular hypertrophy. PLoS One. 2017.

von Siebenthal C, Aubert JD, Mitsakis P, Yerly P, Prior JO, Nicod LP. Pulmonary Hypertension and Indicators of Right Ventricular Function. Front Med (Lausanne). 2016. 

Whitman IR, Patel VV, Soliman EZ, et al. Validity of the surface electrocardiogram criteria for right ventricular hypertrophy: the MESA-RV Study (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis-Right Ventricle). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014. 

Cuspidi C, et al. Right ventricular hypertrophy in systemic hypertension: an updated review of clinical studies. J Hypertens. 2013. 

Zaidi A, et al. Clinical significance of electrocardiographic right ventricular hypertrophy in athletes: comparison with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and pulmonary hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2013. 

Goncalvesova E, et al. ECG signs of right ventricular hypertrophy may help distinguish pulmonary arterial hypertension and pulmonary hypertension due to left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2011. 

Blyth KG, Kinsella J, Hakacova N, et al. Quantitative estimation of right ventricular hypertrophy using ECG criteria in patients with pulmonary hypertension: A comparison with cardiac MRI. Pulm Circ. 2011. 

Cuspidi C, et al. Prevalence and clinical correlates of right ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 2009. 

James O'Keefe et al. The Complete Guide to ECGs: A Comprehensive Study Guide to Improve ECG Interpretation Skills. 5th Edition. 

Albert Roig. How to read an EKG? The ROIG method may help you. EKGDX-Blog. 2020. 

Baranchuk A, Enriquez A, García-Niebla J, Bayés-Genís A, Villuendas R, Bayés de Luna A. Differential diagnosis of rSr' pattern in leads V1 -V2. Comprehensive review and proposed algorithm. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2015.

Schiller O, Greene EA, Moak JP, Gierdalski M, Berul CI. The poor performance of RSR' pattern on electrocardiogram lead V1 for detection of secundum atrial septal defects in children. J Pediatr. 2013.

Medvegy M, Antalóczy Z. Clinical significance of incomplete right bundle branch block. Orv Hetil. 1993.

Mauric AT, Samani NJ, de Bono DP. When should we diagnose incomplete right bundle branch block? Eur Heart J. 1993. 

Rabkin SW, Mathewson FA, Tate RB. Long term followup of incomplete right bundle branch block: the risk of development of complete right bundle branch block. J Electrocardiol. 1981. 

Sung RJ, Tamer DM, Agha AS, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ, Gelband H. Etiology of the electrocardiographic pattern of "incomplete right bundle branch block" in atrial septal defect: an electrophysiologic study. J Pediatr. 1975. 

James O'Keefe et al. The Complete Guide to ECGs: A Comprehensive Study Guide to Improve ECG Interpretation Skills. 5th Edition. 

Sanghvi SK, Vidovich MI. This Can Be as Easy as 1-2-3. JACC Case Rep. 2021. 

Chou's Electrocardiography in Clinical Practice. Adult and Pediatric. Saunders/Elsevier. 2008.

Delise et al. Electrogenesis of the S1S2S3 electrocardiographic pattern. A study in humans based on body surface potential and right ventricular endocardial mapping. J Electrocardiol. 1990.  

Moller et al. Significance of the S1S2S3 electrocardiographic pattern in children. American Journal of Cardiology. 1965. 

ROLAND G. HISS, Capt. and LAWRENCE E. LAMB. Electrocardiographic Findings in 122,043 Individuals. Circulation. 1962.

Jennings Fershing, Lyle A Baker. Clinical analysis of the S wave pattern electrocardiogram: An investigation including extensive unipolar lead studies. American Heart Journal. 1948. 

James O'Keefe et al. The Complete Guide to ECGs: A Comprehensive Study Guide to Improve ECG Interpretation Skills. 5th Edition. 

Lindow, T., Mokhtari, A., Nyström, A., Koul, S., Smith, S. W., & Ekelund, U. Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of current left bundle branch block and ventricular pacing ECG criteria for detection of occlusion myocardial infarction. International journal of cardiology, 2024. 

2022 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Evaluation and Disposition of Acute Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. 

Di Marco, A. et al. New Electrocardiographic Algorithm for the Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Left Bundle Branch Block. Journal of the American Heart Association, 2020. 

Babken Asatryan, Lukas Vaisnora, Negar Manavifar. Electrocardiographic Diagnosis of Life-Threatening STEMI Equivalents. J Am Coll Cardiol Case Rep. 2019. 

Pera, V. K. et al. New or presumed new left bundle branch block in patients with suspected ST-elevation myocardial infarction. European heart journal. Acute cardiovascular care, 2018. 

Debraj Das, Brent M. McGrath “Sgarbossa criteria for acute myocardial infarction” CMAJ. 2016. 

Sefa, Nana et al. Smith-Modified Sgarbossa Criteria and Paced Rhythms: A Case Report. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2016. 

Meyers HP et al. Validation of the modified Sgarbossa criteria for acute coronary occlusion in the setting of left bundle branch block: A retrospective case-control study. Am Heart J. 2015. 

Cai, Q. et al. The left bundle-branch block puzzle in the 2013 ST-elevation myocardial infarction guideline: from falsely declaring emergency to denying reperfusion in a high-risk population. Are the Sgarbossa Criteria ready for prime time?. American heart journal, 2013. 

Smith, Stephen W. et al. Diagnosis of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in the Presence of Left Bundle Branch Block With the ST-Elevation to S-Wave Ratio in a Modified Sgarbossa Rule. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2012. 

Jain, S. et al. Utility of left bundle branch block as a diagnostic criterion for acute myocardial infarction. The American journal of cardiology, 2011. 

Sgarbossa EB, Pinski SL, Barbagelata A et al. "Electrocardiographic diagnosis of evolving acute myocardial infarction in the presence of left bundle-branch block. GUSTO-1 (Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries) Investigators" N Engl J Med (1996).

Miranda JM, de Oliveira WS, de Sá VP, de Sá IF, Neto NO. Transient triangular QRS-ST-T waveform with good outcome in a patient with left main coronary artery stenosis: A case report. J Electrocardiol. 2019. 

Babken Asatryan, Lukas Vaisnora, Negar Manavifar. Electrocardiographic Diagnosis of Life-Threatening STEMI Equivalents. J Am Coll Cardiol Case Rep. 2019.

Babken Asatryan, Lukas Vaisnora, Negar Manavifar. Electrocardiographic Diagnosis of Life-Threatening STEMI Equivalents. J Am Coll Cardiol Case Rep. 2019. 

Tarantino N, Santoro F, Brunetti ND. Triangular "shark fin-like" ST modification in takotsubo syndrome: Challenging the concept of ST-elevation patterns without coronary occlusion? J Electrocardiol. 2018. 

Testa-Fernández A, Rios-Vazquez R, Sieira-Rodríguez-Moret J, et al. "Giant R wave" electrocardiogram pattern during exercise treadmill test: A case report. J Med Case Rep. 2011. 

Michael P. Soos, David McComb "Sinus Arrhythmia" StatPearls (2021).

Michal Mestanikab, Andrea Mestanikovaab, Peter Lange et al. “Respiratory sinus arrhythmia – testing the method of choice for evaluation of cardiovagal regulation” (2019).

Mortola JP, Marghescu D, Siegrist-Johnstone R "Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in the immediate post-exercise period: correlation with breathing-specific heart rate." Eur J Appl Physiol. (2018).

Krohova J, Czippelova B, Turianikova Z, Lazarova Z, Wiszt R, Javorka M, Faes L. “Information domain analysis of respiratory sinus arrhythmia mechanisms.” Physiol Res. (2018).

Rassler, Beate et al. “Switch-Off" of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Can Occur in a Minority of Subjects During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)” _Frontiers in physiology_ (2018).

Zhang, Wei et al. “Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Activity Predicts Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors in Non-referred Boys” Frontiers in psychology (2017).

Masi, Christopher M et al. “Respiratory sinus arrhythmia and diseases of aging: obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension” Biological psychology (2006).

Grossman P, Wilhelm FH, Spoerle M. “Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, cardiac vagal control, and daily activity.” Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. (2004).

Yasuma F, Hayano J. “Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: why does the heartbeat synchronize with respiratory rhythm?” Chest. (2004).

de Marchena E, Colvin-Adams M, Esnard J, Ridha M, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ. Ventriculophasic sinus arrhythmia in the orthotopic transplanted heart: mechanism of disease revisited. Int J Cardiol. 2003. 

Kotani K, Hidaka I, Yamamoto Y, Ozono S. “Analysis of respiratory sinus arrhythmia with respect to respiratory phase.” Methods Inf Med. (2000).

James O'Keefe et al. The Complete Guide to ECGs: A Comprehensive Study Guide to Improve ECG Interpretation Skills. 5th Edition. 

Alreshq R, Hsu G, Torosoff M. Acute Pulmonary Embolism Presenting with Symptomatic Bradycardia: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Am J Case Rep. 2019.

Hafeez Y, Grossman SA. Sinus Bradycardia. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls: 2019. 

Daoulah A, Ocheltree S, Al-Faifi SM, et al. Sleep apnea and severe bradyarrhythmia--an alternative treatment option: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2015. 

D'Souza A, Sharma S, Boyett MR. CrossTalk opposing view: bradycardia in the trained athlete is attributable to a downregulation of a pacemaker channel in the sinus node. J Physiol. 2015. 

D'Souza A, Bucchi A, Johnsen AB, et al. Exercise training reduces resting heart rate via downregulation of the funny channel HCN4. Nat Commun. 2014. 

Caples SM, et al. The scoring of cardiac events during sleep. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007. 

Da Costa D, Brady WJ, Edhouse J. Bradycardias and atrioventricular conduction block. BMJ. 2002. 

Scheinman MM, Thorburn D, Abbott JA. Use of atropine in patients with acute myocardial infarction and sinus bradycardia. Circulation. 1975. 

James O'Keefe et al. The Complete Guide to ECGs: A Comprehensive Study Guide to Improve ECG Interpretation Skills. 5th Edition. 

Tang WJ, Jiang L, Wang Y, Kuang ZM. Ozone therapy induced sinus arrest in a hypertensive patient with chronic kidney disease: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017.

Nazinitsky A, Covington M, Littmann L. Sinus arrest and asystole caused by a peripherally inserted central catheter. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2014.

Wijesurendra RS, Carey M, Butterworth RJ, Khiani R. Pause for thought? Syncope and sinus arrest as the presenting feature of temporal lobe epilepsy. Acute Med. 2014.

Mathuria N, Bobek J, Afshar H. Sinus arrest during radiofrequency ablation of the atrioventricular-node slow pathway: implications and possible mechanisms. Tex Heart Inst J. 2009.

Robinson SD, Murray S. Prolonged sinus arrest in an asymptomatic woman. Emerg Med J. 2007. 

Mizuno J, Mizuno S, Ono N, Yajima C, Arita H, Hanaoka K. Sinus arrest during laryngoscopy for induction of general anesthesia with intravenous fentanyl and propofol. Masui. 2005.

Gula LJ, Krahn AD, Skanes AC, Yee R, Klein GJ. Clinical relevance of arrhythmias during sleep: guidance for clinicians. Heart. 2004. 

Coccagna G, Capucci A, Pierpaoli S. A case of sinus arrest and vagal overactivity during REM sleep. Clin Auton Res. 1999.

P. ANDRJVET, V. BEASLAY, J-P. KIGER, C. vu GNOC, Chrome congestive heart failure: Complete sinus arrest during diltiazem therapy; clinical correlates and efficacy of intravenous calcium, European Heart Journal, Volume 15, Issue 3, Pages 350–354, March 1994.

Brodine WN, DeSantis J. Sinus arrest during treatment with amiodarone. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982.  

James O'Keefe et al. The Complete Guide to ECGs: A Comprehensive Study Guide to Improve ECG Interpretation Skills. 5th Edition. 

Kashou AH, Basit H, Chhabra L. Physiology, Sinoatrial Node (SA Node). In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): 2019.

Lerebours G. Sinus rhythm: mechanisms and function. Med Sci (Paris). 2007.

Meek S, Morris F. ABC of clinical electrocardiography.Introduction. I-Leads, rate, rhythm, and cardiac axis. BMJ. 2002. 

Normal sinus rhythm. MedGen. NCBI. 

William H Sauer. Normal sinus rhythm and sinus arrhythmia. UpToDate. 

James O'Keefe et al. The Complete Guide to ECGs: A Comprehensive Study Guide to Improve ECG Interpretation Skills. 5th Edition. 

ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia. The Task Force for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC): Developed in collaboration with the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). 2019.

Brian Olshansky, Renee M Sullivan, Inappropriate sinus tachycardia, EP Europace, Volume 21, Issue 2, 2019. 

Hafeez Y, Grossman SA. Sinoatrial Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia (SANRT) [Updated 2019 Nov 19]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020. 

Zhao S, Tran VH. Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) [Updated 2019 Apr 30]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020. 

Ruzieh M, Moustafa A, Sabbagh E, Karim MM, Karim S. Challenges in Treatment of Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2018. 

Ary L. Goldberger, et al. Goldberger's Clinical Electrocardiography (Ninth Edition), 2018.

Masumoto A, Takemoto M, Mito T, et al. Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia Diagnosed and Treated as Depression Successfully Treated by Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation. Intern Med. 2017. 

Agarwal AK, Garg R, Ritch A, Sarkar P. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Postgrad Med J. 2007.

Yusuf S, Camm AJ. Deciphering the sinus tachycardias. Clin Cardiol. 2005. 

Simmers TA, Sreeram N. Sinoatrial reentry tachycardia: a review. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2003. 

James O'Keefe et al. The Complete Guide to ECGs: A Comprehensive Study Guide to Improve ECG Interpretation Skills. 5th Edition. 

Bao H, Cai H, Zhao Y, et al. Nonspecific ST-T changes associated with unsatisfactory blood pressure control among adults with hypertension in China: Evidence from the CSPTT study [published correction appears in Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Apr 28;96(17):e6811] [published correction appears in Medicine (Baltimore). 2017.

Geraldino-Pardilla L, Gartshteyn Y, Piña P, et al. ECG non-specific ST-T and QTc abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus compared with rheumatoid arthritis. Lupus Sci Med. 2016.

Vinyoles E, Soldevila N, Torras J, Olona N, de la Figuera M. Prognostic value of non-specific ST-T changes and left ventricular hypertrophy electrocardiographic criteria in hypertensive patients: 16-year follow-up results from the MINACOR cohort. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2015.

Walsh JA 3rd, Prineas R, Soliman EZ, et al. Association of isolated minor non-specific ST-segment and T-wave abnormalities with subclinical atherosclerosis in a middle-aged, biracial population: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2013.

Badheka AO et al. Isolated nonspecific ST-segment and T-wave abnormalities in a cross-sectional United States population and Mortality (from NHANES III). Am J Cardiol. 2012. 

Kumar A, Prineas RJ, Arnold AM, et al. Prevalence, prognosis, and implications of isolated minor nonspecific ST-segment and T-wave abnormalities in older adults: Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation. 2008. 

Kumar A, Lloyd-Jones DM. Clinical significance of minor nonspecific ST-segment and T-wave abnormalities in asymptomatic subjects: a systematic review. Cardiol Rev. 2007. 

Roland X, et al. ELECTROLYTE ABNORMALITIES (book, chapter 8). 2015. 

Kuntjoro I, et al. Abnormal ECGs secondary to electrolyte abnormalities. Singapore Med J. 2012. 

Johri AM, et al. ECG manifestations of multiple electrolyte imbalance: peaked T wave to P wave ("tee-pee sign"). Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2009. 

Diercks DB, et al. Electrocardiographic manifestations: electrolyte abnormalities. J Emerg Med. 2004. 

 Borys Surawicz. Electrolytes and the electrocardiogram. The American Journal of Cardiology. 1963. 

SAMUEL BELLET. The Electrocardiogram in Electrolyte Imbalance. AMA Arch Intern Med. 1955. 

Edhouse J, Thakur RK, Khalil JM. ABC of clinical electrocardiography. Conditions affecting the left side of the heart. BMJ. 2002. 

Foth C, Mountfort S. Acute Myocardial Infarction ST Elevation (STEMI). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): 2018. 

Güntekin Ü, Tosun V, Kilinç AY, Saydam G, Korucuk N, Bozdemir MN. ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients are more likely to achieve lipid-lowering treatment goals: A retrospective analysis of patients presenting with first acute coronary syndromes. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018.

Kristian Thygesen, Joseph S Alpert, et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction. European Heart Journal, 2018. 

Meyers HP et al. Validation of the modified Sgarbossa criteria for acute coronary occlusion in the setting of left bundle branch block: A retrospective case-control study. Am Heart J. 2015. 

Hwang C, Levis JT. ECG diagnosis: ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Perm J. 2014. 

Patrick T. O’Gara , Frederick G. et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 2013. 

Kristian Thygesen, Joseph S. Alpert et al. Third universal definition of myocardial infarction, European Heart Journal, 2012. 

Kristian Thygesen, Johannes Mair et al. How to use high-sensitivity cardiac troponins in acute cardiac care, European Heart Journal, 2012. 

Kristian Thygesen, Johannes Mair et al. Recommendations for the use of cardiac troponin measurement in acute cardiac care, European Heart Journal, 2010. 

Kristian Thygesen, et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018), European Heart Journal. 

Harrigan RA, Jones K. ABC of clinical electrocardiography. Conditions affecting the right side of the heart. BMJ. 2002. 

Chiale PA, Albino E, Garro HAetal. Supernormal conduction in the anomalous bundles of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome An overlooked electrophysiologic property with potential clinical implications. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2007. 

Przybylski J, Chiale PA, Sánchez RA, Pastori JD, Francos HG, Elizari MVetal. Supernormal conduction in the accessory pathway of patients with overt or concealed ventricular pre-excitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987. 

Rosenbaum MB, Levi RJ, Elizari MV, Vetulli HM, Sánchez RA. Supernormal excitability and conduction. Cardiology Clinic. 1983. 

Tavazzi L, Salerno JA, Bobba P. Intraventricular conduction and supernormal phase in intermittent bundle branch block (Abstract). Circulation. 1975. 

Spear JF, Moore EN. Supernormal excitability and conduction in the His-Purkinje system of the dog. Circ Res. 1974. 

Masumi RA, Amsterdam EA, Mason DT. Phenomenon of supernormality in the human heart. Circulation. 1972. 

Mihalic MJ, Fisch Ch. Supernormal conduction of the right bundle branch. Chest. 1970. 

Hernández Pieretti O, Morales Rocha J, Barceló JE. Supernormal phase of conduction in human heart demonstrated by subthreshold pacemaker stimulation. Br Heart J. 1969. 

Childers RW, Merideth J, Moe GJ. Supernormality in Bachmann’s bundle.An in vivo and in vitro study. . Circ Res. 1968. 

Mc Henry PL, Knoebel S, Fisch Ch. The Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with supernormal conduction through the anomalous bypass. Circulation. 1966. 

Mc Henry PL, Knoebel SB. Supernormal excitation of the human heart. Indiana State Med Assoc. 1965. 

Burchell HB. Analogy of electronic pacemaker and ventricular parasystole with observations on refractory period. supernormal phase and synchronization. Circulation. 1963. 

Solof LA, Fewel JW. The supernormal phase of ventricular excitation in man.Its bearing on the genesis of ventricular premature systoles and a note on atrioventricular conduction. Am Heart J. 1960. 

Weidman S. Effects of calcium ions and local anesthetics on electrical properties of Purkinje fibers. J Physiol. 1955. 

Scherf D, Schott A. The supernormal phase of recovery in man. Am Heart J. 1939. 

Hoff HE, Nahum LM. The supernormal period in the mammalian ventricle. Am J Physiol. 1938. 

Adrian ED. On the summation of propagated disturbances in nerve and muscle. J Physiol. 1912. 

Hafeez Y, Armstrong TJ. Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. 

Hafeez Y, Grossman SA. Sinoatrial Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021.

Jabbour F, Grossman SA. Atrioventricular Reciprocating Tachycardia. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. 

Faisaluddin M, Ashish K, Hajra A, Mondal S, Bandyopadhyay D. Etripamil: Self-management of supraventricular tachycardia is not far away?. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2019. 

Patti L, Ashurst JV. Rhythm, Tachycardia, Supraventricular (SVT). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls: 2019. 

Hafeez Y, Grossman SA. Paroxysmal Supraventricular (PSVT). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls: 2019. 

2019 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia. The Task Force for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC): Developed in collaboration with the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC).

Massari F, et al. Supraventricular tachycardia, pregnancy, and water: A new insight in lifesaving treatment of rhythm disorders. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2018. 

Hadid C, Gonzalez S, Almendral J. Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: Evidence of an upper common pathway in some patients. HeartRhythm Case Rep. 2018. 

Alabed S, Sabouni A, Providencia R, Atallah E, Qintar M, Chico TJ. Adenosine versus intravenous calcium channel antagonists for supraventricular tachycardia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. 

Bibas L, Levi M, Essebag V. Diagnosis and management of supraventricular tachycardias. CMAJ. 2016.

Helton MR. Diagnosis and Management of Common Types of Supraventricular Tachycardia. Am Fam Physician. 2015. 

Appelboam A, et al. Postural modification to the standard Valsalva manoeuvre for emergency treatment of supraventricular tachycardias (REVERT): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015. 

2015 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the management of adult patients with supraventricular tachycardia.

Sohinki D, Obel OA. Current trends in supraventricular tachycardia management. Ochsner J. 2014. 

Sawhney V, Corden B, Abdul-Mukith K, Harris T, Schilling RJ. Are patients admitted to emergency departments with regular supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) treated appropriately?. Clin Med (Lond). 2013. 

Medi C, et al. Supraventricular tachycardia. Med J Aust. 2009. 

James O'Keefe et al. The Complete Guide to ECGs: A Comprehensive Study Guide to Improve ECG Interpretation Skills. 5th Edition. 

Early Surgery or Conservative Care for Asymptomatic Aortic Stenosis. 2020. 

Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Replacement with a Balloon-Expandable Valve in Low-Risk Patients. 2019. 

Transcatheter Mitral-Valve Repair in Patients with Heart Failure. 2018. 

Dabigatran versus Warfarin in Patients with Mechanical Heart Valves. 2013.

Puette JA, Ellison MB. Pacemaker. [Updated 2020 Jan 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020. 

Zak Loring, Rebecca North, Anne S Hellkamp, Brett D Atwater, Camille G Frazier‐Mills, Kevin P Jackson, Sean D Pokorney, Gervasio A Lamas, Jonathan P Piccini. VVI pacing with normal QRS duration and ventricular function: MOST trial findings relevant to leadless pacemakers, 2020. 

Levine PA. Ventricular pacing: to pace or not to pace. Europace. 2010. 

Panicker GK, Desai B, Lokhandwala Y. Choosing pacemakers appropriately. Heart Asia. 2009. 

Oginosawa Y et al. omparison of the effects of VVI versus DDD pacing on cardiac baroreflex function. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006. 

Morgan JM. Basics of cardiac pacing: selection and mode choice. Heart. 2006.

Moro E et al. DDD versus VVIR versus VVI mode in patients with indication to dual-chamber stimulation: a prospective, randomized, controlled, single-blind study. Ital Heart J. 2005. 

Paxinos G, Katritsis D, Kakouros S, Toutouzas P, Camm AJ. Long-term effect of VVI pacing on atrial and ventricular function in patients with sick sinus syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998. 

Sulke N, Tan K, Kamalvand K, Bostock J, Bucknall C. Dual sensor VVIR mode pacing: is it worth it? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1996. 

Nathan AW, Davies DW. Is VVI pacing outmoded?. Br Heart J. 1992.

Lascault G et al. VVI mode cardiac pacing: cause or risk factor of cerebral embolism?. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 1992. 

Sethi KK et al. Comparison of atrial and VVI pacing modes in symptomatic sinus node dysfunction without associated tachyarrhythmias. Indian Heart J. 1990. 

McCormick DJ, Shuck JW, Ansinelli RA. ntermittent pacemaker syndrome: revision of VVI pacemaker to a new cardiac pacing mode for tachy-brady syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1987. 

McIntosh SJ, Lawson J, Bexton RS, Gold RG, Tynan MM, Kenny RA. A study comparing VVI and DDI pacing in elderly patients with carotid sinus syndrome. Heart. 1997. 

ECG Response: Complete heart block. An escape ventricular rhythm. Circulation. 2015

Barold SS, Van Heuverswyn F, Stroobandt RX. Automatic mode switching of a dual chamber implantable cardioverter-defibrillator induced by a ventricular escape rhythm. J Electrocardiol. 2013. 

J. B. Witcombe et al. A study in intracardiac conduction 'Normalization' of bundle-branch block by fusion with ventricular escape beats. British Heart Journal, 1972. 

Steinfurt, J., Asbach, S., Odening, K. E., Faber, T. S., Stiller, B., Bode, C., & Biermann, J. Fascicular parasystole and recurrent syncope - a case report. European heart journal. Case reports, 2018. 

Collins DE, Dozier BL, Stanton JJ, Colgin LM, MacAllister. Ventricular Parasystole in a Neonatal Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta). Comp Med. 2016.

Cortés-Ortiz, Antonio. Parasistolia ventricular. Revista mexicana de cardiología. 2014.

Jalife J. Modulated parasystole: still relevant after all these years!. Heart rhythm, 2013. 

Kinoshita S, Katoh T, Tsujimura Y, Sasaki Y. Apparent disappearance of ventricular parasystole due to a marked difference between the long form and the short form of the ectopic cycles. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2007.

Glancy DL. Group beating resulting from ventricular parasystole. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2003. 

Singh VK. Concealed rhythms by double ventricular parasystole. Am Heart J. 1991.

Robles de Medina, E. O., Delmar, M., Sicouri, S., & Jalife, J. Modulated parasystole as a mechanism of ventricular ectopic activity leading to ventricular fibrillation. The American journal of cardiology, 1989. 

Kinoshita S. Mechanisms of intermittent ventricular parasystole due to type II second degree entrance block. J Electrocardiol. 1983.

Kinoshita S. Mechanisms of ventricular parasystole. Circulation. 1978.

Gavrilescu S, Luca C. Parasystole associated with fixed coupling ventricular ectopic activity. Cor Vasa. 1977.

Donald H Singer et al. Ventricular parasystole and re-entry: Clinical-electrophysiological correlations. American Heart Journal. 1974.

Jacobson L. B. Spontaneous ventricular parasystole initiating ventricular tachycardia. Journal of electrocardiology, 1973. 

J. Salazar',  C. S. McKendrick. Ventricular parasystole in acute myocardial infarction. British Heart Journal, 1970.

Chen Q, et al. Simple electrocardiographic criteria for rapid identification of wide QRS complex tachycardia: The new limb lead algorithm. Heart Rhythm, 2020. 

Natasha Cuk, et al. REVASCULARIZATION FOR MONOMORPHIC VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA IS FREQUENTLY PERFORMED BUT DOES NOT PREVENT RECURRENCE OR DEATH. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2019. 

Suraj Kapa, Prakriti Gaba, Christopher V. DeSimone, and Samuel J. Asirvatham. Fascicular Ventricular Arrhythmias Pathophysiologic Mechanisms, Anatomical Constructs, and Advances in Approaches to Management. Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology. 2017. 

Nkoke, C et al. Fatal monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in a semi-urban setting in Cameroon: a case report. BMC Research Notes. 2017. 

Piers S. et al. Myocardial scar predicts monomorphic ventricular tachycardia but not polymorphic ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm. 2015.

B Garner J, M Miller J. Wide Complex Tachycardia - Ventricular Tachycardia or Not Ventricular Tachycardia, That Remains the Question. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev. 2013. 

Pava LF, Perafán P, Badiel M, Arango JJ, Mont L, Morillo CA, Brugada J. R-wave peak time at DII: a new criterion for differentiating between wide complex QRS tachycardias. Heart Rhythm. 2010. 

Preeti A Chandra, et al. Repetitive Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia As A Manifestation Of Suboptimally Treated Thyrotoxicosis. American Heart Hospital Journal. 2010. 

Singh A. Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. West J Emerg Med. 2008. 

Warren Smith, Margaret Hood, in Cardiothoracic Critical Care, 2007. 

Vereckei A. et al. Application of a new algorithm in the differential diagnosis of wide QRS complex tachycardia. European Heart Journal, 2007. 

Mok N.-S., Chan N.-Y. Brugada syndrome presenting with sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. International Journal of Cardiology. 2004.

Bruce B. Lerman, et al. Mechanism of Repetitive Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia. Circulation. 1995. 

Griffith MJ, Garratt CJ, Mounsey P, Camm AJ. Ventricular tachycardia as default diagnosis in broad complex tachycardia. Lancet. 1994. 

Brugada P, Brugada J, Mont L, Smeets J, Andries EW. A new approach to the differential diagnosis of a regular tachycardia with a wide QRS complex. Circulation.1991. 

Kindwall KE, Brown J, Josephson ME. Electrocardiographic criteria for ventricular tachycardia in wide complex left bundle branch block morphology tachycardias. Am J Cardiol.1988. 

Wellens HJ, Bär FW, Lie KI. The value of the electrocardiogram in the differential diagnosis of a tachycardia with a widened QRS complex. Am J Med.1978. 

Sami Viskin et al. Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia: Terminology, Mechanism, Diagnosis, and Emergency Therapy. Circulation. 2021. 

Cohagan B, Brandis D. Torsade de Pointes. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls: 2019. 

Majid Haghjoo. Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia. ScienceDirect. 2018. 

Li M, Ramos LG. Drug-Induced QT Prolongation And Torsades de Pointes. P T. 2017. 

El-Sherif N, et al. Congenital Long QT syndrome and torsade de pointes. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2017. 

McClelland J, Mathys M. Evaluation of QTc prolongation and dosage effect with citalopram. Ment Health Clin. 2016. 

Chakraborty P, Kaul B, Mandal K, Isser HS, Bansal S, Subramanian A. Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia of unusual etiology. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2016. 

Jaiswal A, Goldbarg S. Dofetilide induced torsade de pointes: mechanism, risk factors and management strategies. Indian Heart J. 2014. 

Wase A, Masood AM, Garikipati NV, Mufti O, Kabir A. Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia with myocardial infarction: a case report with insight on mechanism and treatment. Indian Heart J. 2014. 

Crotti L, Hu D, Barajas-Martinez H, et al. Torsades de pointes following acute myocardial infarction: evidence for a deadly link with a common genetic variant. Heart Rhythm. 2012. 

Chakraborty P, Mukerjee S, Sardana R. Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia due to acute coronary ischemia: a case report. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2010. 

Drew BJ, Ackerman MJ, Funk M, et al. Prevention of torsade de pointes in hospital settings: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation [published correction appears in Circulation. 2010. 

Paulus Kirchhof, et al. Giant T–U Waves Precede Torsades de Pointes in Long QT Syndrome. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2009. 

Sergio Richter, Pedro Brugada. Bidirectional Ventricular Tachycardia. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2009.

Roden DM. Cellular basis of drug-induced torsades de pointes. Br J Pharmacol. 2008.

Shojaie M, Eshraghian A. Primary hypothyroidism presenting with Torsades de pointes type tachycardia: a case report. Cases J. 2008. 

Kannankeril PJ, Roden DM. Drug-induced long QT and torsade de pointes: recent advances. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2007. 

A. Chan, G.K. Isbister, C.M.J. Kirkpatrick, S.B. Dufful, Drug-induced QT prolongation and torsades de pointes: evaluation of a QT nomogram, QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 2007. 

Dorfman FK, et al. Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia with alternating right and left bundle branch block morphology in a patient with metastatic cardiac tumors. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006. 

Smith S.W., Shah R.R., Hunt J.L., Herzog C.A. Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia resulting from herbal aconite poisoning. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2005.

Gowda RM, et al. Torsade de pointes: the clinical considerations. Int J Cardiol. 2004. 

Zeltser D, et al. Torsade de pointes due to noncardiac drugs: most patients have easily identifiable risk factors. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003. 

Voigt L et al. Amiodarone-induced torsade de pointes during bladder irrigation: an unusual presentation--a case report. Angiology. 2003. 

Kukla P, Bromblik A, Malecka-Tomasik D, Slowiak-Lewinska T. [Intracranial hemorrhage complicated by recurrent polymorphic ventricular torsade de pointes tachycardia]. Kardiol Pol. 2003. 

Rod Passman, Alan Kadish. Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia., Long QT syndrome and Torsades de Pointes. Medical Clinics of North America. 2001. 

Rod Passman, Alan Kadish. POLYMORPHIC VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, LONG Q-T SYNDROME, AND TORSADES DE POINTES. Medical Clinics of North America. 2001. 

S Viskina, et al. Arrhythmias in the congenital long QT syndrome: how often is torsade de pointes pause dependent?. Heart. 2000. 

Wang MH, Tseng CD, Bair SY. Q-T interval prolongation and pleomorphic ventricular tachyarrhythmia ('Torsade de pointes') in organophosphate poisoning: report of a case. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1998. 

Di Pasquale G, Pinelli G, Andreoli A, Manini GL, Grazi P, Tognetti F. Torsade de pointes and ventricular flutter-fibrillation following spontaneous cerebral subarachnoid hemorrhage. Int J Cardiol. 1988. 

Bauman JL, Bauernfeind RA, Hoff JV, Strasberg B, Swiryn S, Rosen KM. Torsade de pointes due to quinidine: observations in 31 patients. Am Heart J. 1984. 

Ling, Kah Hing and Kian Seng Ng. “Masking of myocardial infarction ECG in a patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome” _Singapore medical journal_ (2018).

Butt, Muhammad U et al. “When a Pseudo-Infarct Electrocardiogram (ECG) Pattern in a Posterior Accessory (Wolff-Parkinson-White) Pathway Masks a True Inferior Infarct” _American journal of case reports _(2018).

Zhaolong Xu, Renguang Liu et al. “Preexcitation syndrome: experimental study on the electrocardiogram of antegradely conducting accessory pathway” BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (2018).

Kesler, Kelly and Shadi Lahham. “Tachyarrhythmia in Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome” _western journal of emergency medicine _(2016).

Hudzik, Bartosz et al. “Atrial Fibrillation in a 35-Year-Old Man with Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome” _Texas Heart Institute journal_ (2015).

Rao, Ashwin L et al. “Evaluation and management of wolff-Parkinson-white in athletes” _Sports health _(2014). 

Marrakchi, S et al. “Wolff-Parkinson-white syndrome mimics a conduction disease” _Case reports in medicine _(2014).

Takeuchi, Takahiro et al. “A young patient with atypical type-B Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome accompanied by left ventricular dysfunction” _Journal of arrhythmia _(2014). 

Chang, Qinghua et al. “Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome influenced by myocardial infarction?” International Journal of Cardiology (2014).

Levis, Joel T. “ECG Diagnosis: Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome” _Permanente journal _(2010). 

Charles C. Wolferth, et al. Original Comunications. The American Heart Journal. 1933. 

Wolff L, Parkinson J, White PD. “Bundle-branch block with short P-R interval in healthy young people prone to paroxysmal tachycardia”Am Heart J (1930). 

Kent AF. Researches on the Structure and Function of the Mammalian Heart. J Physiol. 1893. 

Luis E. Lezcano Fort et al. Epsilon Waves in Biventricular Arrythmogenic Cardiomyopathy. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2020. 

Pérez-Riera AR, Barbosa-Barros R, Daminello-Raimundo R, et al. Epsilon wave: A review of historical aspects. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2019. 

Li GL, Saguner AM, Fontaine GH, Frank R. Epsilon waves: Milestones in the discovery and progress. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2018. 

Guy Hugues Fontaine et al. Epsilon wave on an electronic loop in a case of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia with myocarditis: an updated definition of the Epsilon wave, EP Europace, July 2017. 

Htun Latt et al. A classic case of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) and literature review. Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives . 2017. 

Gottschalk B, Gysel M, Barbosa-Barros R, et al. The use of fontaine leads in the diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2014. 

Marcus FI, McKenna WJ, Sherrill D, et al. Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: proposed modification of the task force criteria. Circulation. 2010. 

Shulin Wu et al. Epsilon wave in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009. 

Fontaine et al. Experimental and clinical study of Wolff-Parkinson-White and myocardial ischemia syndromes by cartography of epicardial ventricular depolarization. Coeur Med Interne, 1973. 

Sean H. Oldroyd; Amgad N. Makaryus. “Rhythm, Heart Block, First Degree” _StatPearls Publishing_ (2018).

Hunter, Juanita et al. “A Case of Lown-Ganong-Levine Syndrome: Due to an Accessory Pathway of James Fibers or Enhanced Atrioventricular Nodal Conduction (EAVNC)?” _American journal of case reports_ (2018).

Aursulesei, Sabina et al. “Variation of the PR interval for confirming ventricular pre-excitation on a 12-lead ECG” _Oxford medical case reports_ (2018).

Nikolaidou, Theodora et al. “Prevalence, predictors, and prognostic implications of PR interval prolongation in patients with heart failure” _Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society_ (2017). 

Chan, Yap-Hang et al. “PR interval prolongation in coronary patients or risk equivalent: excess risk of ischemic stroke and vascular pathophysiological insights” _BMC cardiovascular disorders_ (2017).

Sucu, Murat et al. “Typical pericarditis ECG findings after falling from height. The PR segment depression or ST segment elevation?” _Turkish journal of emergency medicine _(2017).

Chun, Kwang Jin et al. “Electrocardiogram PR Interval Is a Surrogate Marker to Predict New Occurrence of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Frequent Premature Atrial Contractions” _Journal of Korean medical science_ (2016). 

Kudaiberdiev et al. “Electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with pericardial disease--Association of PR segment depression with arrhythmias and clinical signs: Experience of cardiac surgery center” J Elcetrocardiol (2016). 

Friedman, Daniel J et al. “Association Between a Prolonged PR Interval and Outcomes of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: A Report From the National Cardiovascular Data Registry” _Circulation _(2016). 

Cheng M, Lu X, Huang J, Zhang S, Gu D. “Electrocardiographic PR prolongation and atrial fibrillation risk: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies” _J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol_ (2015). 

Ogunlade, Oluwadare et al. “Marked First Degree Atrioventricular Block: an extremely prolonged PR interval associated with Atrioventricular Dissociation in a young Nigerian man with Pseudo-Pacemaker Syndrome: a case report” _BMC research notes _(2014).

Bidstrup, Signe et al. “Role of PR-Interval In Predicting the Occurrence of Atrial Fibrillation” _Journal of atrial fibrillation_ (2013).

Bhargava, Kartikeya. “Markedly varying PR intervals during second degree atrioventricular block: possible mechanisms” _Indian heart journal_ (2012). 

Magnani, Jared W et al. “Electrocardiographic PR interval and adverse outcomes in older adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition study”Circulation. _Arrhythmia and electrophysiology _(2012).

Sharma, M K and S Misra. “Anaesthetic management of a patient with Lown Ganong Levine syndrome-a case report” _Medical journal, Armed Forces Indiavol_. 67,3 (2011). 

Crisel, Ryan K et al. “First-degree atrioventricular block is associated with heart failure and death in persons with stable coronary artery disease: data from the Heart and Soul Study” _European heart journal _(2011). 

PR Interval. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine (Fifth Edition), 2011. 

Cheng, Susan et al. “Long-term outcomes in individuals with prolonged PR interval or first-degree atrioventricular block” _JAMA _(2009. 

Jim MH, Siu CW et al. “Prognostic implications of PR-segment depression in inferior leads in acute inferior myocardial infarction” Clin Cardiol. (2006). 

Jim MH, Miu R, Siu CW. PR-segment elevation in inferior leads: an atypical electrocardiographic sign of atrial infarction. J Invasive Cardiol. 2004. 

Man-Hong Jim, Raymond Miu, Chung-Wah Siu. PR-Segment Elevation in Inferior Leads: An Atypical Electrocardiographic Sign of Atrial Infarction. EP Lab Digest. 2004. 

Kudo Y, Yamasaki F, Doi Y, Sugiura T. “Clinical correlates of PR-segment depression in asymptomatic patients with pericardial effusion” J Am Coll Cardiol. (2002). 

Douedi S, Douedi H. P wave. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. 

MacAlpin RN. Significance of a negative sinus P wave in lead V₂ of the clinical electrocardiogram. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2017. 

Yuhong Li, et al. Dextrocardia Why Significant Left-Axis Deviation? CASES AND TRACES, PDF. 2017. 

Kishimoto N, Kinoshita I, Momota Y. Junctional Rhythm Preoperatively and During General Anesthesia for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Anesth Prog. 2017. 

Rodrigues JC, et al. Electrocardiographic detection of hypertensive left atrial enlargement in the presence of obesity: re-calibration against cardiac magnetic resonance. J Hum Hypertens. 2017. 

Shrestha S, Chen O, Greene M, John JJ, Greenberg Y, Yang F. Change in P wave morphology after convergent atrial fibrillation ablation. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2016. 

Baranchuk A, Bayés de Luna A. The P-wave morphology: what does it tell us? Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol. 2015. 

Hayashi H, Horie M. Biphasic P wave in inferior leads and the development of atrial fibrillation. J Arrhythm. 2015. 

Peter N. Smith. P Wave Morphologies: P Mitrale. American College of Cardiology. 2015. 

Acar RD, Bulut M, Acar Ş, et al. Evaluation of the P Wave Axis in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res. 2015. 

Arı H, Kahraman F, Baş HA, Arslan A. Low atrial rhythm mimics myocardial infarction. Anatol J Cardiol. 2015. 

Glancy DL, Prout DL Jr. Inverted P waves, QRS complexes, and T waves in lead I in a 64-year-old woman. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2014. 

Vepsäläinen T, Laakso M, Lehto S, Juutilainen A, Airaksinen J, Rönnemaa T. Prolonged P wave duration predicts stroke mortality among type 2 diabetic patients with prevalent non-major macrovascular disease. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2014. 

Tereshchenko LG, Shah AJ, Li Y, Soliman EZ. Electrocardiographic deep terminal negativity of the P wave in V1 and risk of mortality: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2014. 

Bureekam S, Boonyasirinant T. Accuracy of left atrial enlargement diagnosed by electrocardiography as compared to cardiac magnetic resonance in hypertensive patients. J Med Assoc Thai. 2014. 

Bureekam S, Boonyasirinant T.Accuracy of left atrial enlargement diagnosed by electrocardiography as compared to cardiac magnetic resonance in hypertensive patients. J Med Assoc Thai. 2014. 

Tan LL, et al. ECG P wave abnormalities. Singapore Med J. 2013. 

Martínez A, Alcaraz R, Rieta JJ. Study on the P-wave feature time course as early predictors of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Physiol Meas. 2012. 

Park HE, Kim KH, Kim KB, Ahn H, Choi YS, Oh S. Characteristics of P wave in patients with sinus rhythm after maze operation. J Korean Med Sci. 2010. 

Magnani JW, Johnson VM, Sullivan LM, et al. P-wave indices: derivation of reference values from the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2010. 

García-Niebla J. Comparison of p-wave patterns derived from correct and incorrect placement of V1-V2 electrodes. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2009. 

Havmoller R, Carlson J, Holmqvist F, et al. Age-related changes in P wave morphology in healthy subjects. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2007. 

Prajapat L, et al. Association of P-wave duration, dispersion, and terminal force in relation to P-wave axis among outpatients. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2007. 

Madias JE. Peripheral edema masks the diagnoses of P pulmonale, P mitrale, and biatrial abnormality: clinical implications for patients with heart failure. Congest Heart Fail. 2006. 

Lo HM et al. Characteristic P wave morphology in patients undergoing the atrial compartment operation for chronic atrial fibrillation with mitral valve disease. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003. 

Meek S, Morris F. Introduction. II--basic terminology. BMJ. 2002. 

Ackermann A, Buenaño A, Montañez A, Samet P. Accelerated junctional escape rhythm with retrograde P waves through alternating slow and fast pathways. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2001. 

Ishikawa K, Pipberger HV. Critical evaluation of the twin peaked P wave ("pseudo-P mitrale") in orthogonal electrocardiograms. J Electrocardiol. 1980. 

Supreeth RN, Francis J. Fragmented QRS - Its significance. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2020. 

Kashou AH, Kashou HE. “Electrical Axis (Normal, Right Axis Deviation, and Left Axis Deviation)” StatPearls (2018).

Roberts, William C et al. “Two causes in one patient for extremely low voltage on the electrocardiogram” _Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center)_ (2017). 

Giuseppe Bagliani et al. QRS complex. Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics, 2017. 

Park, Chan Soon et al. “Prognostic Implication of the QRS Axis and its Association with Myocardial Scarring in Patients with Left Bundle Branch Block” _Korean circulation journal _(2017).  

Samesima, Nelson et al. “Comparison of Electrocardiographic Criteria for Identifying Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Athletes from Different Sports Modalities” _Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil)_ (2017).

Mohanan Nair, Krishna Kumar et al. “Wide QRS tachycardia. What is the mechanism?” Indian pacing and electrophysiology journal (2016). 

Khidir, Mand J H et al. “QRS duration versus morphology and survival after cardiac resynchronization therapy” _ESC heart failure _(2016).

Chua, Kelvin C M et al. “Wide QRS-T Angle on the 12-Lead ECG as a Predictor of Sudden Death Beyond the LV Ejection Fraction” _Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology_ (2016).

Haukilahti MA, Eranti A, Kenttä T, Huikuri HV. QRS Fragmentation Patterns Representing Myocardial Scar Need to Be Separated from Benign Normal Variants: Hypotheses and Proposal for Morphology based Classification. Front Physiol. 2016. 

Shenthar, Jayaprakash and Maneesh K Rai. “Diagnostic dilemma with a narrow QRS regular rhythm at normal rates in a patient with corrected transposition of great arteries” _Indian pacing and electrophysiology journal _(2015). 

Vereckei, Andras. “Current algorithms for the diagnosis of wide QRS complex tachycardias” _Current cardiology reviews _(2014). 

Oehler, Andrew et al. “QRS-T angle: a review” Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc (2014).

Mussinelli R, Salinaro F, Alogna A. et al. “Diagnostic and prognostic value of low QRS voltages in cardiac AL amyloidosis” Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol (2013). 

Sur, Sanjoli et al. “Comparison of sum absolute QRST integral, and temporal variability in depolarization and repolarization, measured by dynamic vectorcardiography approach, in healthy men and women” _PloS one_ (2013). 

Take Y, Morita H. Fragmented QRS: What Is The Meaning?. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2012. 

Teodorescu, Carmen et al. “Prolonged QRS duration on the resting ECG is associated with sudden death risk in coronary disease, independent of prolonged ventricular repolarization” _Heart rhythm _(2011).

Anttila I et al. Prevalence and prognostic value of poor R-wave progression in standard resting electrocardiogram in a general adult population. The Health 2000 Survey. Ann Med. 2010. 

Ingegerd Östman-Smith, Aase Wisten, Eva Nylander et al. “Electrocardiographic amplitudes: a new risk factor for sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy” _European Heart Journal _(2010).

Uyguanco, Eric R et al. “Prolongation of QRS duration and axis deviation in the right bundle branch block are not markers for left ventricular systolic dysfunction” _International journal of angiology : official publication of the International College of Angiology, Inc _(2010).

Wolpert, Christian et al. “Is a narrow and tall QRS complex an ECG marker for sudden death?” _Heart rhythm _(2008).

QT interval, review. Science Direct. Journals & Books. 

Alders M, Bikker H, Christiaans I. Long QT Syndrome. 2003 Feb 20 [Updated 2018 Feb 8]. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2019. 

Campuzano, Oscar et al. “Recent Advances in Short QT Syndrome” _Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine_ (2018).

Schnell, Frédéric et al. “Long-QT Syndrome and Competitive Sports” _Arrhythmia & electrophysiology review_ (2018).

Wilders, Ronald and Arie O Verkerk. “Long QT Syndrome and Sinus Bradycardia-A Mini Review” _Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine_ (2018).

Sethi, Pooja et al. “Long QT Syndrome Unveiled by a Fatal Combination of Medications and Electrolyte Abnormalities” _Cureus _(2017).

Tse, Gary et al. “Electrophysiological mechanisms of long and short QT syndromes” _International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature_ (2016).

Baumert M, Porta A, Vos MA, et al. QT interval variability in body surface ECG: measurement, physiological basis, and clinical value: position statement and consensus guidance endorsed by the European Heart Rhythm Association jointly with the ESC Working Group on Cardiac Cellular Electrophysiology. Europace. 2016. 

“Which QT Correction Formulae to Use for QT Monitoring?” Journal of the American Heart Association (2016).

Rezuş, Ciprian et al. “QT interval variations and mortality risk: is there any relationship?” _Anatolian journal of cardiology_ vol. 15,3 (2015).

Nielsen, Jonas B et al. “Risk prediction of cardiovascular death based on the QTc interval: evaluating age and gender differences in a large primary care population” _European heart journal_ (2014).

Rudic, Boris et al. “Short QT Syndrome - Review of Diagnosis and Treatment” _Arrhythmia & electrophysiology review_ (2014). 

Ambhore, Anand et al. “Importance of QT interval in clinical practice” _Singapore medical journal _(2014).

Nachimuthu, Senthil et al. “Drug-induced QT interval prolongation: mechanisms and clinical management” _Therapeutic advances in drug safety_ (2012).

Michael H.Gollob, Calum J.Redpath, Jason D.Roberts “The Short QT Syndrome: Proposed Diagnostic Criteria” _Journal of the American College of Cardiology_ (2011).

van Noord, Charlotte et al. “Drug- and non-drug-associated QT interval prolongation” _British journal of clinical pharmacology_ (2010).

Kristian Thygesen, Joseph S Alpert, Allan S Jaffe et al. “Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction” _European Heart Journal_ (2018).

Chen AS, Bent RE, Wheeler M et al. “Large Q and S waves in lead III on the electrocardiogram distinguish patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy from athletes” Heart. (2018). 

Kosmidou I, Redfors B, Crowley et al. “Prognostic implications of Q waves at presentation in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: An analysis of the HORIZONS-AMI study” Clin Cardiol. (2017). 

Abdel-Razek O, Parfrey BP, Connors SP et al “Disappearance of pathologic anteroseptal Q waves after reperfusion with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in a 61 year old female: A case report” J Electrocardiol. (2017).  

Amardeep Ghosh Dastidar, Alexander Carpenter et al. “Role of 12 lead ECG Q-waves as a marker of myocardial infarction in the era of cardiac magnetic resonance” J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. (2016). 

Nikus, Kjell et al. “Updated electrocardiographic classification of acute coronary syndromes” _Current cardiology reviews _(2014). 

Kochav, Jonathan D et al. “Usefulness of Q-wave area for threshold-based stratification of global left ventricular myocardial infarct size” _American journal of cardiology _(2013). 

Li, Yabing et al. “Minor isolated Q waves and cardiovascular events in the MESA study” _American journal of medicine _(2013). 

Uberoi, Abhimanyu et al. “Prognostic implications of Q waves and T-wave inversion associated with early repolarization” _Mayo Clinic proceedings_ (2012).

Q wave. Goldman's Cecil Medicine (Twenty Fourth Edition), 2012. 

Parsa, Saeed Alipour et al. “Predictive Value of Absent Septal q Wave in Patients with Significant Stenosis of Proximal Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery” _Clinical Medicine Insights. Cardiology _(2010).

Bayes de Luna A, Cino JM, Pujadas S, et al. “Concordance of electrocardiographic patterns and healed myocardial infarction location detected by cardiovascular magnetic resonance” _Am J Cardiol_. (2006). 

Bountioukos, M et al. “Quantification of regional left ventricular function in Q wave and non-Q wave dysfunctional regions by tissue Doppler imaging in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy” _Heart (British Cardiac Society)_ (2003). 

Morris, Francis and William J Brady. “ABC of clinical electrocardiography: Acute myocardial infarction-Part I” _BMJ (Clinical research ed.)_ (2002). 

Kashou AH, Basit H, Malik A. ST Segment. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. 

Janaki Rami Reddy Manne “Atrial Repolarization Waves (Ta) Mimicking Inferior Wall ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in a Patient with Ectopic Atrial Rhythm” Case Rep Med. (2018). 

Erwin Christian de Bliek “ST elevation: Differential diagnosis and caveats. A comprehensive review to help distinguish ST elevation myocardial infarction from nonischemic etiologies of ST elevation” Turk J Emerg Med. (2018). 

Siddharthan Deepti, Raghav Bansal, and Sandeep Singhcorresponding “ST segment elevation myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries” Heart Asia. (2018). 

Kashou AH, Kashou HE. “Rhythm, ST Segment” StatPearls (2018).

Miquel Vives-Borrás, Esther Jorge, Gerard Amorós-Figueras et al. “Summation and Cancellation Effects on QRS and ST-Segment Changes Induced by Simultaneous Regional Myocardial Ischemia” Front Physiol. (2018). 

Christopher Foth; Steven Mountfort “Acute Myocardial Infarction ST Elevation (STEMI)” StatPearls (2018).

Guangqiang Wang, Na Zhao, Chuanhuan Zhang et al. “Lambda-like ST-segment elevation in acute myocardial infarction triggered by coronary spasm may be a new risk predictor for lethal ventricular arrhythmia” Medicine (Baltimore). (2018). 

David F. Miranda, Angie S. Lobo, Brooks Walsh, Yader Sandoval, Stephen W. Smith. New Insights Into the Use of the 12-Lead Electrocardiogram for Diagnosing Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Emergency Department. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 2018. 

Mustafa Ugur Goktas, Ozgur Sogut, Mehmet Yigit, and Onur Kaplana “A Novel Electrocardiographic Sign of an ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction-Equivalent: De Winter Syndrome” Cardiol Res. (2017). 

Youn-JungKim, Sun-YangMin, Dong HunLee et al. “The Role of Post-Resuscitation Electrocardiogram in Patients With ST-Segment Changes in the Immediate Post-Cardiac Arrest Period” JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions (2017).

Sefa, Nana et al. Smith-Modified Sgarbossa Criteria and Paced Rhythms: A Case Report. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2016. 

Debraj Das, Brent M. McGrath “Sgarbossa criteria for acute myocardial infarction” CMAJ. (2016). 

Yoke Ching Lim, Swee-Guan Teo, Kian-Keong Poh “ST-segment changes with exercise stress” Singapore Med J. (2016). 

José M. Di Diego, Charles Antzelevitch “Acute Myocardial Ischemia: Cellular Mechanisms Underlying ST Segment Elevation” J Electrocardiol. (2015).

Adam Orville Strand, Thein Tun Aung, and Ajay Agarwal “Not all ST-segment changes are myocardial injury: hypercalcaemia-induced ST-segment elevation” BMJ Case Rep. (2015). 

Tien-Chi Huang, Meng-Kuang Lee, Shin-Jing Lin et al. “Diffuse ST-Segment Depression with ST-Segment Elevation in Lead aVR in 12-Lead Electrocardiography May Indicate Ischemic Change of Severe Aortic Stenosis” Acta Cardiol Sin. (2015). 

Meyers HP et al. Validation of the modified Sgarbossa criteria for acute coronary occlusion in the setting of left bundle branch block: A retrospective case-control study. Am Heart J. 2015. 

Erden Erol Ünlüer, Arif Karagöz “Hints in electrocardiography for coming myocardial infarction” J Emerg Trauma Shock. (2015). 

Joel T Levis “ECG Diagnosis: ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction” Perm J. (2014). 

Alok Deshpande, Yochai Birnbaum “ST-segment elevation: Distinguishing ST elevation myocardial infarction from ST elevation secondary to nonischemic etiologies” World J Cardiol (2014). 

Alejandra Guerchico, Sorin J.Brener, Akiko Maehara et al. “Impact of Delay to Reperfusion on Reperfusion Success, Infarct Size, and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: The INFUSE-AMI Trial (INFUSE-Anterior Myocardial Infarction)” JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions (2014).

Mahmoud Ahmed, Arabi Abdul “Simultaneous double coronary thrombosis in a 47-year-old male patient with acute myocardial infarction” Am J Case Rep. (2013). 

G. Coppola, P. Carità, E. Corrado, A. Borrelli et al. “ST segment elevations: Always a marker of acute myocardial infarction?” Indian Heart J. (2013). 

Smith, Stephen W. et al. Diagnosis of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in the Presence of Left Bundle Branch Block With the ST-Elevation to S-Wave Ratio in a Modified Sgarbossa Rule. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2012. 

Sgarbossa EB, Pinski SL, Barbagelata A et al. "Electrocardiographic diagnosis of evolving acute myocardial infarction in the presence of left bundle-branch block. GUSTO-1 (Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries) Investigators" N Engl J Med (1996).

Kenny BJ, Brown KN. ECG T Wave. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. 

Zorzi, Alessandro et al. “Interpretation of acute myocardial infarction with persistent 'hyperacute T waves' by cardiac magnetic resonance” _European heart journal. Acute cardiovascular care _(2012). 

Sharma, Himani and Abhinav Tiwari. “Respiratory T-Wave Inversion in a Patient With Chest Pain” Clinical medicine insights. Case reports (2017).

J.D. Arroja, et al. Prevalence and significance of notched T waves in elite professional cyclists, European Heart Journal. 2017. 

Chiara Calore, Alessandro Zorzi, et al. “Electrocardiographic anterior T-wave inversion in athletes of different ethnicities: differential diagnosis between athlete's heart and cardiomyopathy” European Heart Journal (2016).

Aydin, Ali Attila et al. “Successful Evaluation of Biphasic T-wave of Wellens Syndrome in the Emergency Department” Acta informatica medica : AIM : _journal of the Society for Medical Informatics of Bosnia & Herzegovina : casopis Drustva za medicinsku informatiku BiH_ (2016). 

Ozdemir, Serdar et al. “Wellens' Syndrome - Report of two cases” Turkish journal of emergency medicine (2016).

Levis JT. ECG Diagnosis: Hyperacute T Waves. Perm J. 2015. 

Said, Salah Am et al. “Cardiac and non-cardiac causes of T-wave inversion in the precordial leads in adult subjects: A Dutch case series and review of the literature” World journal of cardiology (2015). 

Aoki, Yoshihiro et al. “Isolated deep T-wave inversion on an electrocardiogram with normal wall motion” Clinical case reports (2015).

Said SA, Bloo R, de Nooijer R, Slootweg A. “Cardiac and non-cardiac causes of T-wave inversion in the precordial leads in adult subjects: A Dutch case series and review of the literature” World J Cardiol (2015).

Levis, Joel T. “ECG Diagnosis: Hyperacute T Waves” _Permanente journal _(2015). 

Vicente, Jose et al. “Comprehensive T wave morphology assessment in a randomized clinical study of dofetilide, quinidine, ranolazine, and verapamil” _Journal of the American Heart Association _(2015).

Loriano Galeotti, Peter M. van Dam, Lars Johannesen et al. “Computer simulations to investigate the causes of T-wave notching” Journal of Electrocardiology (2015). 

Hassen, Getaw Worku et al. “Isolated T Wave Inversion in Lead aVL: An ECG Survey and a Case Report” _Emergency medicine international_ (2015). 

Khositseth A, Hejlik J, Shen WK, Ackerman MJ. “Epinephrine-induced T-wave notching in congenital long QT syndrome” Heart Rhythm. (2005). 

Yue-Chun, Li and Jia-Feng Lin. “Rare giant T-wave inversions associated with myocardial stunning: report of 2 cases” _Medicine _(2014). 

Cecconi, Alberto et al. “ECG in severe hyperkalaemia: pacemaker doesn't matter so much” _Heart Asia _(2014).

Sadrieh A, Domanski L, Pitt-Francis J et al. “Multiscale cardiac modelling reveals the origins of notched T waves in long QT syndrome type 2” Nat Commun. (2014). 

Patel, Kunal et al. “ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction after Pharmacologic Persantine Stress Test in a Patient with Wellens' Syndrome” _Case reports in emergency medicine _(2014). 

Yu, Tongtong and Tiesheng Niu. “Giant inverted T waves and substantial QT interval prolongation induced by azithromycin in an elderly woman with renal insufficiency” _Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien _(2014). 

Lebehn, Mark et al. “Wellen's T Waves and U Waves in Acute Coronary Syndrome” Hawai'i Journal of Medicine & Public Health (2013).

Wilson, M G et al. “Significance of deep T-wave inversions in asymptomatic athletes with normal cardiovascular examinations: practical solutions for managing the diagnostic conundrum” British journal of sports medicine (2012). 

Zorzi A, Perazzolo Marra M, Migliore F, Tarantini G, Iliceto S, Corrado D. Interpretation of acute myocardial infarction with persistent 'hyperacute T waves' by cardiac magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2012. 

Rott, David et al. “Giant precordial T wave inversion in a patient with gastroenteritis” _Case reports in vascular medicine_ (2011). 

Dhawan SS. Pseudo-Wellens' syndrome after crack cocaine use. Can J Cardiol. 2008. 

Sovari AA, Assadi R, Lakshminarayanan B, Kocheril AG. Hyperacute T wave, the early sign of myocardial infarction. Am J Emerg Med. 2007. 

Lupoglazoff JM, Denjoy I, Berthet M et al. “Notched T waves on Holter recordings enhance detection of patients with LQt2 (HERG) mutations” Circulation. (2001). 

Maruyama T, Fujino T, Fukuoka Y, Tsukamoto K, Mawatari S. “Notched T wave as evidence of autonomic nervous lability in Duchenne progressive muscular dystrophy” Jpn Heart J. 1995. 

Kay Millar, J. A. Abildskov “Notched T Waves in Young Persons with Central Nervous System Lesions” Circulation (1968). 

William Dressler, Hugo Roesler, Henrietta Lackner “THE SIGNIFICANCE OF NOTCHED UPRIGHT T WAVES” Br Heart J. (1951). 

Y Nagayoshi, T Yufu, S Yumoto; Inverted U-wave and myocardial ischemia, QJM: An International Journal of Medicine (2018).

Peters, Matthew N et al. “Persistent giant U wave inversion with anoxic brain injury” Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center) (2013). 

Chhabra, Lovely and David H Spodick. “Discordant U waves in the setting of hyperkalaemia” _BMJ case reports _(2013).

Hopenfeld, Bruce and Hiroshi Ashikaga. “Origin of the electrocardiographic U wave: effects of M cells and dynamic gap junction coupling” Annals of biomedical engineering (2010). 

Ker, James. “The Double U Wave-Should the Electrocardiogram be Interpreted Echocardiographically?” _Clinical Medicine Insights. Cardiology_ (2010).

Schimpf, Rainer et al. “Electromechanical coupling in patients with the short QT syndrome: further insights into the mechanoelectrical hypothesis of the U wave” Heart rhythm (2007).

Girish, M P et al. “U wave: an important noninvasive electrocardiographic diagnostic marker” _Indian pacing and electrophysiology journal _(2005).

Kanemoto N, Wang Y, Fukushi H, Ibukiyama C, Takeuchi T, Sato T, Takahashi T. [Electrocardiographic characteristics of patients with left circumflex-related myocardial infarction in the acute phase without tented T waves or definite ST elevation]. J Cardiol.1995.

Mirabbasi SA, Khalighi K, Mukkamala S, Kodali A. A rare case of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (AHCM). J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2017. 

Flett AS, Maestrini V, Milliken D, et al. Diagnosis of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: T-wave inversion and relative but not absolute apical left ventricular hypertrophy. Int J Cardiol. 2015. 

Diaconu CC, Dumitru N, Fruntelata AG, Lacau S, Bartos D. Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: The Ace-of-Spades as the Disease Card. Acta Cardiol Sin. 2015. 

Parisi R, Mirabella F, Secco GG, Fattori R. Multimodality imaging in apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. World J Cardiol. 2014. 

Levis JT. ECG diagnosis: apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Perm J. 2013. 

Kasirye Y, Manne JR, Epperla N, Bapani S, Garcia-Montilla R. Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy presenting as recurrent unexplained syncope. Clin Med Res. 2012.

Angelini P, Uribe C, Monge J, Escobar JM, Hernandez-Vila E. Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: preliminary attempt at palliation with use of subselective alcohol ablation. Tex Heart Inst J. 2012. 

Lakshmanadoss U, Kulkarni A, Balakrishnan S, Shree N, Harjai K, Jagasia D. All That Glitters is not Gold: Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Mimicking Acute Coronary Syndrome. Cardiol Res. 2012. 

Stainback RF. Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Tex Heart Inst J. 2012. 

Malik A. Incidental diagnosis of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in an 18-year-old white man. Tex Heart Inst J. 2012. 

Yusuf SW, Bathina JD, Banchs J, Mouhayar EN, Daher IN. Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. World J Cardiol. 2011. 

Park SY, et al. Relationship between giant negative T-wave and severity of apical hypertrophy in patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Echocardiography. 2010. 

Ates M, Kwong RY, Lipton MJ, Tatli S. Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: diagnosed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Tex Heart Inst J. 2006. 

Moon JC, Fisher NG, McKenna WJ, Pennell DJ. Detection of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with non-diagnostic echocardiography. Heart. 2004. 

Sakamoto T, et al. Giant T wave inversion as a manifestation of asymmetrical apical hypertrophy (AAH) of the left ventricle. Echocardiographic and ultrasono-cardiotomographic study. Jpn Heart J. 1976. 

Andrés F. Miranda-Arboleda, Shireen Mohammad and Adrian Baranchuk. Wide Complex Tachycardia and Syncope in the Emergency Department. Circulation, 2021.

Sharath K. Kumar et al. An uncommon ECG manifestation of normal pacemaker function. Journal of Arrhythmia. 2019. 

Longo D, López C, García-Niebla J. Ventricular tachycardia or artifact?. J Thorac Dis. 2018. 

Pérez-Riera AR, et al. Main artifacts in electrocardiography. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2018. 

Sareen S, Nayyar M, Wheeler B, Skelton M, Khouzam RN. Electrocardiographic artifact potentially misleading to the wrong management. Ann Transl Med. 2018. 

Oehler A, Chiovaro J. The Electrocardiogram Following Dynamic Cardiomyoplasty. J Gen Intern Med. 2017. 

Alexandre Guinand, et al. Extra-cardiac stimulators: what do cardiologists need to know?, EP Europace. 2016. 

Matthias AT, Indrakumar J. Electrocardiogram artifact caused by rigors mimicking narrow complex tachycardia: a case report. BMC Res Notes. 2014. 

Monika Moni, et al. Artefactual spikes in electrocardiography: a worthwhile introspection. Singapore Med J. 2013. 

Greutmann M, Horlick EM. Uncommon cause for a common electrocardiographic artifact. Can J Cardiol. 2010.

Madias JE. Electrocardiographic artifact induced by an electrical stimulator implanted for management of neurogenic bladder. J Electrocardiol. 2008. 

Littmann L, et al. Significance of respiratory artifact in the electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol. 2008. 

Bernstein AJ, Peters KM. Expanding indications for neuromodulation. Urol Clin North Am. 2005. 

Constantoyannis C, Heilbron B, Honey CR. Electrocardiogram artifacts caused by deep brain stimulation. Can J Neurol Sci. 2004. 

Sliwa JA, Marinko MS. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator-induced electrocardiogram artifact. A brief report. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1996. 

Hunuk A, Hunuk B, Kusken O, Onur O1. Brugada Phenocopy Induced by Electrolyte Disorder: A Transient Electrocardiographic Sign. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2016. 

Sorajja D, Ramakrishna H, Poterack AK, Shen WK, Mookadam F. Brugada syndrome and its relevance in the perioperative period [published correction appears in Ann Card Anaesth. 2016 Jan-Mar;19(1):205]. Ann Card Anaesth. 2015. 

Brugada R, Campuzano O, Sarquella-Brugada G, Brugada J, Brugada P. Brugada syndrome. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2014. 

de Luna AB, Garcia-Niebla J, Baranchuk A. New electrocardiographic features in Brugada syndrome. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2014. 

Antonio Bayés de Luna, Josep Brugada, et al. Current electrocardiographic criteria for diagnosis of Brugada pattern: a consensus report. Journal of Electrocardiology, 2012. 

Baranchuk A, Nguyen T, Ryu MH, et al. Brugada phenocopy: new terminology and proposed classification. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2012. 

Stéphane Chevallier, et al. New Electrocardiographic Criteria for Discriminating Between Brugada Types 2 and 3 Patterns and Incomplete Right Bundle Branch Block. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2011. 

Benito B, et al. Gender differences in clinical manifestations of Brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008. 

Antzelevitch C, Brugada P, Brugada J, Brugada R. Brugada syndrome: from cell to bedside. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2005. 

Charles Antzelevitch , Pedro Brugada, et al. Brugada Syndrome: Report of the Second Consensus Conference. Circulation. 2005. 

Antzelevitch C, Brugada P, Borggrefe M, Brugada J, Brugada R, et al. Brugada syndrome: report of the second consensus conference: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the European Heart Rhythm Association. Circulation. 2005. 

Francis J, Antzelevitch C. Brugada syndrome. Int J Cardiol. 2005. 

Matsuo K, et al. The prevalence, incidence and prognostic value of the Brugada-type electrocardiogram: a population-based study of four decades. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001. 

Matsuo K, et al. The circadian pattern of the development of ventricular fibrillation in patients with Brugada syndrome. Eur Heart J. 1999.

Pedro Brugada, Josep Brugada. Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: A distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome: A multicenter report. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 1992. 

Adrian Baranchuk. Brugada Phenocopy: The Art of Recognizing the Brugada ECG Pattern. A Textbook. 

David F. Miranda, Angie S. Lobo, Brooks Walsh, Yader Sandoval, Stephen W. Smith. New Insights Into the Use of the 12-Lead Electrocardiogram for Diagnosing Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Emergency Department. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 2018. 

Driver BE, Khalil A, Henry T, Kazmi F, Adil A, Smith SW. A new 4-variable formula to differentiate normal variant ST segment elevation in V2-V4 (early repolarization) from subtle left anterior descending coronary occlusion - Adding QRS amplitude of V2 improves the model. J Electrocardiol. 2017.

Junjie Zhang, Mélèze Hocini, et al. The Electrophysiological Substrate of Early Repolarization Syndrome. JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology, 2017.

Patrick Zakka, Marwan Refaat. Early Repolarization Syndrome. American College of Cardiology, 2016. 

Kristen K. Patton et al. Electrocardiographic Early Repolarization. Circulation. 2016.

Ali A, Butt N, Sheikh AS. Early repolarization syndrome: A cause of sudden cardiac death. World J Cardiol. 2015. 

Peter W.Macfarlane et al. The Early Repolarization Pattern: A Consensus Paper. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2015.

Laksman Z.W.M., Gula L.J, et al. Early repolarization is associated with symptoms in patients with type 1 and type 2 long QT syndrome. Heart Rhythm, 2014.  

Philippe Maury, Anne Rollin. Prevalence of early repolarisation/J wave patterns in the normal population. Journal of Electrocardiology, 2013. 

Borys Surawicz, Peter W. Macfarlane. Inappropriate and Confusing Electrocardiographic Terms: J-Wave Syndromes and Early Repolarization. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2011.

Sinner MF, Reinhard W, et al. Association of early repolarization pattern on ECG with risk of cardiac and all-cause mortality: a population-based prospective cohort study (MONICA/KORA). PLoS Med. 2010. 

Begoña Benito et al. Clinical and Mechanistic Issues in Early Repolarization: Of Normal Variants and Lethal Arrhythmia Syndromes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2010. 

Haïssaguerre M, Chatel S, et al. Ventricular fibrillation with prominent early repolarization associated with a rare variant of KCNJ8/KATP channel. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009. 

Tikkanen JT, Anttonen O, et al. Long-term outcome associated with early repolarization on electrocardiography. N Engl J Med. 2009. 

Nam GB, Kim YH, Antzelevitch C. Augmentation of J waves and electrical storms in patients with early repolarization. N Engl J Med. 2008.

Klatsky A.L., Oehm R., Cooper R.A., Udaltsova N., Armstrong M.A. The early repolarization normal variant electrocardiogram: Correlates and consequences. American Journal of Medicine, 2003. 

Csaba Varga, et al. ECG alterations suggestive of hyperkalemia in normokalemic versus hyperkalemic patients. BMC Emergency Medicine, 2019.

Ryuge A, Nomura A, Shimizu H, Fujita Y. Warning: The ECG May Be Normal in Severe Hyperkalemia.  Intern Med. 2017.

Durfey N, Lehnhof B, Bergeson A, et al. Severe Hyperkalemia: Can the Electrocardiogram Risk Stratify for Short-term Adverse Events? West J Emerg Med. 2017.

Navnit Agarwa et al. Transient Trifascicular Block in Severe Hyperkalemia. Journal of The Association of Physicians of India, 2015.

Kotera A, Irie H, Iwashita S, et al. Electrocardiogram findings of patients with serum potassium levels of nearly 10.0mmol/L: a report of two cases. Acute Med Surg. 2014.

Berkova M, Berka Z, Topinkova E. Arrhythmias and ECG changes in life threatening hyperkalemia in older patients treated by potassium sparing drugs. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2014.

Levis JT. ECG diagnosis: hyperkalemia. Perm J. 2013.

Sung-BinChon et al. Severe hyperkalemia can be detected immediately by quantitative electrocardiography and clinical history in patients with symptomatic or extreme bradycardia: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Journal of Critical Care, 2013.

Amanda Welch, Natallia Maroz, Charles S. Wingo, Hyperkalemia: getting to the heart of the matter, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 2013.

João Silva Marques, António Nunes Diogo. Dead Man Walking. An Extreme Case of Sinusoidal Wave Pattern in Severe Hyperkalemia. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2012.

McIntyre WF, Femenía F, Arce M, Pérez-Riera AR, Baranchuk A. Importance of early electrocardiographic recognition and timely management of hyperkalemia in geriatric patients.Exp Clin Cardiol. 2011.

Bahl A et al. ECG changes of hyperkalemia during paced rhythm. Indian Heart J. 2009.

Sai Naresh VV, Ramakrishna V, Ramakrishna P, Siva Kumar V. Hyperkalemia masking left ventricular hypertrophy in electrocardiogram in a patient with end-stage renal disease. Indian J Nephrol. 2008.

Montague BT, Ouellette JR, Buller GK. Retrospective review of the frequency of ECG changes in hyperkalemia. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008.

Maurice J., et al. Sine-Wave Pattern Arrhythmia and Sudden Paralysis That Result From Severe Hyperkalemia. Circulation. 2007.

Parham WA, Mehdirad AA, Biermann KM, Fredman CS. Hyperkalemia revisited. Tex Heart Inst J. 2006.

Shapiro JB. Bifascicular block produced by hyperkalemia. Cardiology. 1979.

Lichstein E., Gupta P.K., Grunwald A.A. Hyperkalemic fascicular block. Chest. 1976.

Andrea K Y Lee, et al. Outcomes of untreated frequent premature ventricular complexes with normal left ventricular function. Heart. 2019. 

Farzam K, Richards JR. Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL). 2019.

Miszczuk K, Mroczek-Wacinska J, Piekarski R, Wysocka-Lukasik B, Jawniak R, Ben-Skowronek I. Ventricular bigeminy and trigeminy caused by hypophosphataemia during diabetic ketoacidosis treatment: a case report. Ital J Pediatr. 2019. 

Tong C, et al. Impact of frequent premature ventricular contractions on pregnancy outcomes. Heart. 2018. 

Im SI, Kim SH, Kim BJ, Cho KI, Kim HS, Heo JH. Association of frequent premature ventricular complex >10% and stroke-like symptoms without a prior diagnosis of stroke or transient ischemic attack. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2018. 

Panizo JG, Barra S, Mellor G, Heck P, Agarwal S. Premature Ventricular Complex-induced Cardiomyopathy. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev. 2018. 

Sekizuka H, Miyake H. The Relationship Between Premature Ventricular Contractions and Lifestyle-Related Habits among the Japanese Working Population (FUJITSU Cardiovascular and Respiratory Observational Study-1; FACT-1). J Nippon Med Sch. 2018. 

Lindow, T., Niklasson, A., Manna, D., & Pahlm, O. Bigeminal sandwiches galore. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc. 2018.

Oh YZ, Tan VH, Wong KC. Concealed conduction of premature ventricular complexes resulting in AV nodal block. J Arrhythm. 2017. 

Oh YZ, Tan VH, Wong KC. Concealed conduction of premature ventricular complexes resulting in AV nodal block. J Arrhythm. 2017. 

Oh, Y. Z., Tan, V. H., & Wong, K. C. Concealed conduction of premature ventricular complexes resulting in AV nodal block. Journal of arrhythmia, 2017. 

Yalin K, Gölcük E. Frequent Premature Ventricular Contractions and Cardiomyopathy, Chicken and Egg situation. J Atr Fibrillation. 2017. 

Lin C.-Y, et al. Long-term outcome of multiform premature ventricular complexes in structurally normal heart. International Journal of Cardiology. 2015.

Ahn MS. Current Concepts of Premature Ventricular Contractions. J Lifestyle Med. 2013. 

Olgun H, et al. The role of interpolation in PVC-induced cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm, 2011. 

Chan AK, Dohrmann ML. Management of premature ventricular complexes. Mo Med. 2010.