Sinus Arrhythmia
Let’s talk about sinus arrhythmia.
Sinus arrhythmia is the presence of changing sinus rhythm with varying P-P intervals and constant PR interval.
Criteria
- Normal sinus P waves.
- Varying P-P intervals.
- The longest and shortest P-P intervals vary by ≥0.16 sec or ≥10%.
- PR interval remains constant.
There are three types of sinus arrhythmia:
- Respiratory-Phasic: Sinus rate increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration.
- Nonrespiratory: Sinus rate varies unrelated to respiratory cycle.
- Ventriculophasic: Commonly seen in patients with second degree or third degree AV block when the P-P interval containing the QRS complex is relatively shorter compared to the P-P interval without the QRS complex.
Possible causes:
- Respiratory-Phasic: May be a normal finding in young individuals or with increased vagal tone.
- Nonrespiratory: Can be seen in a traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage with associated vasospasm, hypoxia or increased intracranial pressure.
- Ventriculophasic: Can be seen in a second degree or third degree AV block.
The proposed mechanisms for ventriculophasic sinus arrhythmia are:
- Reflex baroreceptor-mediated phasic changes in vagal tone.
- Mechanical effect of pressure changes caused by ventricular systole.
- Increased ventricular filling during the long sinus cycle with increased blood flow to the sinus node during ventricular systole.
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia
Ventriculophasic sinus arrhythmia: Note that the PP interval containing the QRS is shorter than the PP interval without the QRS, in the setting of 2:1 AV block.
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